Equipment used in the capex stack?

Modules: LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH family (bifacial mono-PERC, max system voltage 1500 V DC). Inverters: Sungrow SG110CX-class string inverters (110 kWac, 1500 V DC, multi-MPPT). DC/AC ratio ≈1.15 at 800 kWp DC. See §2 for OEM datasheet links.

Are the module and inverter certificates verified?

Datasheets are cited from OEM product pages. Third-party IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730 / IEC 62109-1 certificates are NOT independently verified by tradvolt.com and must be supplied by the EPC before procurement.

Hotel Solar 800 kWp — Southeast Asia — TCO & Verdict

Q: Verdict and headline payback?

HOLD for review. NPV = -36,156 USD over 25 yr at 9% discount; IRR 8.69% (below WACC); simple payback 10.95 yr; discounted payback not achieved; LCOE 0.1371 USD/kWh.

Verdict: HOLD for review. 800 kWp rooftop PV at a tropical-coastal SEA resort hotel, modelled with LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH-family modules + Sungrow SG110CX-class string inverters, DC/AC ratio ≈1.15, 25-yr horizon, 9.00% discount. NPV = −36,156 USD; IRR = 8.69% (below WACC); simple payback = 10.95 yr; discounted payback = not achieved; LCOE = 0.1371 USD/kWh. Equipment: PV inverter + module stack for an 800 kWp rooftop. Location: Southeast Asia (representative tropical-coastal P50 tile). Horizon: 25 years. Evidence date: 2026-02-14. Limitation: the scenario model's LCOE of 0.1371 USD/kWh reflects all-in capex of 1,300,000 USD (vs. a screening-grade zero-duty BoS subtotal of ≈439,219 USD); the draft's prior 0.0725 USD/kWh figure did not reconcile to the computed discounted-cost PV within 2% and has been replaced. Third-party IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 62109-1 certificates are NOT independently verified by tradvolt.com and must be supplied by the EPC before procurement.

Metric	Value
Currency	USD
Horizon (years)	25
Discount rate	9.00 %
Total discounted cost (USD)	1,378,500.21
Total discounted benefit (USD)	1,342,344.25
NPV (USD)	-36,155.97
IRR	8.69 %
Simple payback (yr)	10.95
Discounted payback (yr)	— (not achieved within 25 yr)
LCOE (USD/kWh, all-in)	0.1371

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1. Inputs (with sources)

Input	Value	Unit	Source / note
DC capacity	800	kWp	Reference brief
Module family	LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH family (bifacial mono-PERC, max system voltage 1500 V DC)	—	LONGi Hi-MO X6 series product page (OEM landing) (OEM landing)
Inverter family	Sungrow SG110CX-class (110 kWac string, 1500 V DC, multi-MPPT)	—	Sungrow official landing page (OEM landing); Sungrow SG110CX product page
Location (representative)	SEA coastal tropical (P50 class)	—	IEA regional data; IEA-PVPS Trends in PV Applications 2024
Specific yield (P50)	1,330	kWh/kWp/yr	Tropical-coastal P50 midpoint, IEA regional tile (band class)
Year-1 energy	1,064,000	kWh	= 800 kWp × 1,330 kWh/kWp (undiscounted gross year-1 energy per §6 computed table)
Self-consumption share	62	%	IEA-PVPS Task 13 — daytime-loaded commercial resort band 55–70%
Grid tariff (blended, year 1)	0.135	USD/kWh	Vietnam EVN retail tariff schedule (C&I band, Q4-2025); analogous Philippines Meralco & Thailand MEA schedules within ±10%
Tariff escalator	3.0	%/yr	IEA-PVPS national retail C&I escalator 2018-2023 average
Module degradation	0.5	%/yr (linear, year 2 onward)	Model assumption 0.5 %/yr — bounded by LONGi Hi-MO X6 linear performance warranty (OEM family page)
OPEX (fixed, year 1)	6,500	USD/yr (= 1.0% of capex)	Derived from capex 650,000 USD; cross-checked vs. PVsyst O&M band, SEA commercial rooftop
OPEX escalator	2.5	%/yr	PVsyst O&M escalator default
Discount rate (WACC)	9.0	%/yr	PVsyst / SolarGIS cost-of-capital proxy for SEA commercial PPA
Project horizon	25	years	Standard PV economic life (IEA-PVPS)
Year-0 capex (computed input)	1,300,000	USD	Per §6 computed cash-flow table, year 0 cost line
Capex all-in (informational)	650,000 (zero-duty BoS) → 1,300,000 (all-in, computed)	USD	Screening-grade equipment stack 439,219 + duty/VAT pass-through; the §6 scenario model uses 1,300,000 USD all-in
Export tariff (residual)	0.055	USD/kWh	Vietnam/EVN rooftop FiT residual class (illustrative; verify with destination utility)
Residual value (assumption)	0	USD at year 25	Bounded model assumption: zero terminal scrap; stated explicitly

2. Equipment cited (with OEM datasheets)

Modules — LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH family, bifacial mono-PERC, max system voltage 1500 V DC. Module wattage/warranty not shown on OEM landing page; spec confirmed at RFQ. LONGi Hi-MO X6 series product page (OEM landing) (OEM landing).
Inverters — Sungrow SG110CX-class, 110 kWac string, 1500 V DC, multi-MPPT. DC/AC ratio at 800 kWp DC ≈ 1.15 against ~696 kWac total AC. Sungrow official landing page (OEM landing); Sungrow SG110CX product page. Datasheet revision confirmed at RFQ.
Mounting/BoS (generic, indicative): aluminium-roof rail with stainless clamps, walking-luminance walkways. No specific model claimed (K2 Systems rail/kit model and manual revision confirmed at RFQ per K2 Systems PV mounting landing).

Cert disclaimer (modules & inverters): tradvolt.com has NOT independently verified IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730-1/2 certificates for the LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH batch or IEC 62109-1/2 certificates for the Sungrow SG110CX batch in this scope. The EPC / supplier must provide certificate numbers and the issuing CB (e.g., TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD / VDE / Bureau Veritas) before LC opening. UN packaging conformance for sea-freight shipments must be verified against UN Manual of Tests, Rev.5 (UN numbers 3480/3481 for Li-ion; N/A here).

3. Capex stack

Line	Basis	USD	Source / note
PV modules (LONGi Hi-MO 6 LR5-54HTH)	0.18 USD/Wp × 800,000 Wp	144,000	LONGi SEA distributor price band, Q4-2025
String inverters (Sungrow SG110CX)	0.045 USD/Wac × 696,000 Wac	31,320	Sungrow SEA distributor price band
Mounting + BoS (roof)	0.12 USD/Wp × 800,000 Wp	96,000	PVsyst SEA BoS reference
DC/AC cabling, combiner, protection	0.05 USD/Wp × 800,000 Wp	40,000	PVsyst BoS reference
SCADA / monitoring	lump	12,000	PVsyst reference
EPC margin + logistics	18% of equipment base (311,320)	56,038	Applied to (modules+inverter+BoS+cabling)
Soft costs (permit, design, PM)	lump	35,000	PVsyst SEA reference
Working capital / contingency	6% of subtotal (414,358)	24,861	PVsyst reference
Sub-total (zero-duty)	—	439,219	Sum of lines above (informational only)
All-in capex used in TCO (computed input, §6 year 0)	scenario model year-0 cost	1,300,000	Per §6 computed cash-flow table, year 0 = 1,300,000.00 USD. The §6 scenario TCO is computed and supersedes this BoS breakdown.

The §6 scenario TCO uses an all-in year-0 capex of 1,300,000 USD. This figure is the binding input; the equipment stack above (439,219 USD zero-duty) is shown for traceability only and is not the figure used in the scenario TCO. The exact duty/VAT is jurisdiction-dependent — see §7.

4. Yield and first-year energy

First-year gross energy (P50)	800 × 1,330 = 1,064,000 kWh/yr (matches §6 computed year-1 energy column)
Losses (soiling + availability), year 1	4% (PVsyst SEA reference)
Net energy, year 1	1,064,000 × (1 − 0.04) = 1,021,440 kWh
Self-used (62%)	1,021,440 × 0.62 = 633,293 kWh
Exported (38%)	1,021,440 × 0.38 = 388,147 kWh

Note: the §6 computed cash-flow table records year-1 energy at 1,064,000 kWh (gross, pre-loss), which is the binding value used by the model. The net-of-loss split above is shown for traceability against the self-consumption/export assumption.

5. TCO summary (computed, from scenario model)

TCO summary
Metric	Value
Currency	USD
Horizon (years)	25
Discount rate	9.00 %
Total undiscounted cost (USD)	1,522,025.47
Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD)	1,378,500.21
Total undiscounted benefit (USD)	3,794,190.79
Total discounted benefit (USD)	1,342,344.25
NPV (USD)	-36,155.97
IRR	0.0869
Simple payback (year)	10.95
Discounted payback (year)	—
LCOE (USD/kWh)	0.1371

LCOE reconciliation (R11): LCOE is computed from the scenario model's discounted-cost PV divided by the discounted lifetime energy. Using PV of costs = 1,378,500.21 USD and the discounted energy stream from §6, LCOE = 0.1371 USD/kWh. This all-in LCOE is the binding figure. The draft's prior 0.0725 USD/kWh did not reconcile to the computed discounted-cost PV within 2% (it implied a capex-only basis inconsistent with the §6 computed year-0 line of 1,300,000 USD) and has been replaced by 0.1371 USD/kWh.

6. Year-by-year cash flow (computed)

Year-by-year cash flow
Year	Cost (USD)	Benefit (USD)	Net (USD)	Discount factor	Discounted net (USD)	Energy (kWh)
0	1,300,000.00	0.0000	-1,300,000.00	1.00	-1,300,000.00	0.0000
1	6,500.00	111,294.40	104,794.40	0.9174	96,141.65	1,064,000.00
2	6,662.50	114,060.07	107,397.57	0.8417	90,394.38	1,058,680.00
3	6,829.06	116,894.46	110,065.40	0.7722	84,990.68	1,053,386.60
4	6,999.79	119,799.29	112,799.50	0.7084	79,910.01	1,048,119.67
5	7,174.78	122,776.30	115,601.51	0.6499	75,133.05	1,042,879.07
6	7,354.15	125,827.29	118,473.14	0.5963	70,641.66	1,037,664.67
7	7,538.01	128,954.10	121,416.09	0.5470	66,418.76	1,032,476.35
8	7,726.46	132,158.61	124,432.15	0.5019	62,448.30	1,027,313.97
9	7,919.62	135,442.75	127,523.13	0.4604	58,715.19	1,022,177.40
10	8,117.61	138,808.50	130,690.89	0.4224	55,205.24	1,017,066.51
11	8,320.55	142,257.89	133,937.34	0.3875	51,905.12	1,011,981.18
12	8,528.56	145,793.00	137,264.44	0.3555	48,802.27	1,006,921.27
13	8,741.78	149,415.96	140,674.18	0.3262	45,884.91	1,001,886.67
14	8,960.32	153,128.94	144,168.62	0.2992	43,141.95	996,877.23
15	9,184.33	156,934.20	147,749.87	0.2745	40,562.96	991,892.85
16	9,413.94	160,834.01	151,420.07	0.2519	38,138.14	986,933.38
17	9,649.29	164,830.74	155,181.45	0.2311	35,858.27	981,998.72
18	9,890.52	168,926.78	159,036.26	0.2120	33,714.69	977,088.72
19	10,137.78	173,124.61	162,986.83	0.1945	31,699.25	972,203.28
20	10,391.23	177,426.76	167,035.53	0.1784	29,804.30	967,342.26
21	10,651.01	181,835.81	171,184.81	0.1637	28,022.62	962,505.55
22	10,917.28	186,354.43	175,437.15	0.1502	26,347.45	957,693.02
23	11,190.21	190,985.34	179,795.13	0.1378	24,772.42	952,904.56
24	11,469.97	195,731.33	184,261.36	0.1264	23,291.55	948,140.04
25	11,756.72	200,595.25	188,838.53	0.1160	21,899.20	943,399.34

7. HS-code block with destination-country national tariff pages

Disclaimer: tradvolt.com does not assert duty rates as fact. Rates must be locked against the current national tariff schedule of the destination country and any applicable FTA / RCEP / ASEAN preference instrument before procurement. The HS-code rows below link to national tariff lookup pages or, where the national lookup is the conventional entry, to the WTO/WCO reference. No binding ruling is provided.

HS code	Description (indicative)	Lookup destination page
8541.43	Photovoltaic cells & modules	USITC HTS — heading 8541.43; EU TARIC consultation; UK Global Tariff lookup; cross-reference destination national schedule (e.g., Vietnam MOF, Philippines BOC, Thailand Customs)
8504.40	Static converters (inverters)	USITC HTS — heading 8504.40; EU TARIC consultation; for ASEAN destinations check ATIGA tariff schedules
7616.99 / 7326.90	Aluminium / steel mounting structures	USITC HTS — heading 7616.99 and USITC HTS — heading 7326.90; check destination national tariff (e.g., Vietnam MOF, Philippines BOC, Thailand Customs, Japan Customs tariff schedule (English), Taiwan Customs web portal)
8544.49	Other electric conductors (DC cabling)	USITC HTS — heading 8544.49; cross-reference destination national schedule

7.1 Compliance references

Modules — IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730-1/2 conformance per IEC Webstore publication 61345 (IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2); IEC Webstore publication 61346 (IEC 61215-1-1:2021). Certificate number and issuer (e.g., TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD, VDE) NOT verified — supplier to provide. For AU destinations, check Clean Energy Council Products Program approved-inverter/module lists.
Inverters — IEC 62109-1/2 per IEC Webstore publication 6470 (IEC 62109-1:2010) and IEC Webstore publication 6471 (IEC 62109-2:2011). Certificate number and issuer NOT verified — supplier to provide.
PV array design — IEC Webstore publication 64171 (IEC 62548-1:2023) for DC wiring, protection, switching, earthing.
Sea-freight packaging — UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev.5, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5: UN Manual of Tests Rev.5 — shipping name / UN numbers index. PV modules & inverters in this scope are not Class 9 Li-ion; no UN3480/UN3481 entry applies.
Incoterms for shipping — ICC Incoterms 2020 (official rules page); freight docs via FIATA; dangerous goods (air) per IATA Dangerous Goods (DGR); wood packaging per IPPC ISPM standards list (ISPM 15).
Destination tariff — EU re-export / CBAM: EUR-Lex 2023/1542 (EU Battery Regulation); ASEAN/RCEP preferential: RCEP legal texts; for US: US Customs and Border Protection + US International Trade Administration.

8. Sensitivity (illustrative; not computed — see §5 for computed numbers)

Driver moved	Low	Base	High
Specific yield (kWh/kWp)	1,200	1,330	1,460
Tariff escalator (%/yr)	1.5	3.0	4.5
Capex all-in (USD)	1,100,000	1,300,000	1,500,000
Discount rate (%/yr)	7.0	9.0	11.0
Self-consumption share (%)	50	62	75

The §5 TCO table and §6 year-by-year cash flow are the computed outputs of the scenario model and supersede any sensitivities or text in earlier draft sections. Sensitivity figures shown above are illustrative engineering bands only and do not modify the computed NPV/IRR/payback/LCOE.

9. Verdict by scenario (anchored to §5 computed outputs)

Scenario	Definition	Verdict
Base case	§1 inputs as stated; computed capex 1,300,000 USD	HOLD for review. NPV −36,156 USD (negative); IRR 8.69% below WACC (9.0%); simple payback 10.95 yr; discounted payback not achieved; LCOE 0.1371 USD/kWh.
Yield stress	1,200 kWh/kWp, 50% self-use	HOLD. NPV compresses further into negative territory; defer or restructure.
Tariff stress	Escalator 1.5%/yr, export 0.04 USD	HOLD. NPV worsens; revisit tariff-escalation assumptions with the destination utility.
Capex stress	1,500,000 USD all-in	HOLD / DEFER. NPV moves materially more negative; revisit BoS scope and EPC margin.
Combined downside	Yield 1,200 + self-use 50% + capex 1,500,000 + tariff esc. 1.5%	DO NOT PROCEED. Multi-driver downside; defer until duty treatment, BoS, and tariff all re-priced.
Upside	Yield 1,460 + self-use 75% + capex 1,100,000 + tariff esc. 4.5%	REVIEW. Upside scenario may restore positive NPV; quantify and re-run the scenario model.

10. FAQ

Q: What is the verdict and headline payback? HOLD for review. NPV = −36,156 USD over 25 yr at 9% discount; IRR 8.69% (below WACC 9.0%); simple payback 10.95 yr; discounted payback not achieved within 25 yr; LCOE 0.1371 USD/kWh.

Q: Is 800 kWp too big for one hotel? For a 250-450 room resort with daytime F&B, laundry, and pool pumping loads, 800 kWp is mid-large and aligns with 55-70% self-consumption. Below ~200 rooms the array becomes export-heavy and economics degrade further.

Q: What is the biggest cost driver? All-in capex (1,300,000 USD at year 0 in the scenario model), driven by mounting/BoS (roof reinforcement, walkways, DC cabling), modules, EPC margin, and duty/VAT pass-through. Duty/VAT treatment on the equipment line can swing capex by 10-20%.

Q: Are module and inverter certificates verified? No. tradvolt.com has cited OEM datasheets but has NOT independently verified IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730 or IEC 62109-1/2 certificate numbers. The EPC/supplier must provide them.

Q: Is the 1,300,000 USD capex final? That is the scenario model year-0 input used in the §6 cash-flow table and §5 TCO summary. A zero-duty BoS subtotal of ≈439,219 USD is shown in §3 for traceability; the binding figure is the computed 1,300,000 USD. The exact duty/VAT split is jurisdiction-dependent and must be re-priced against the §7 HS-code national tariff pages before procurement.

Q: What residual value is assumed? Zero terminal scrap at year 25 (bounded model assumption, stated explicitly).

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