Verdict (first 100 words): Over a 25-year horizon at a 6.00 % real discount rate, the audited model returns NPV = +806,839.32 EUR, LCOE = 0.0876 EUR/kWh, simple payback = 7.23 yr and discounted payback = 9.66 yr on the merchant-plus-self-consumption scenario modeled here. The case is for an 800 kWp grid-tied parking-lot canopy using named equipment (Jinko JKM585N-7RL4 modules; Sungrow SG125CX-P2 / Huawei SUN2000-125KTL-M0 string inverters), evaluated at a single EU Atlantic-climate proxy site. Year-1 generation is 1,024,000 kWh and degrades at 0.40 %/yr. Limitation: single-zone, merchant-plus-export run with bounded self-consumption and export-tariff defaults — see §1 and §8. Evidence date: 2026-09-22.
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Equipment | 800 kWp parking-lot canopy; Jinko JKM585N-7RL4 (modules) + Sungrow SG125CX-P2 / Huawei SUN2000-125KTL-M0 (string inverters) |
| Location | EU Atlantic-climate proxy (Rotterdam-equivalent POA yield input) |
| Horizon | 25 years |
| Discount rate (real) | 6.00 % |
| Year-1 generation | 1,024,000 kWh (after PR and tilt) |
| NPV | +806,839.32 EUR |
| IRR | 13.58 % |
| Simple payback | 7.23 yr |
| Discounted payback | 9.66 yr |
| LCOE | 0.0876 EUR/kWh |
| Evidence date | 2026-09-22 (model run date) |
| Limitation | Merchant + on-site self-consumption, single zone, bounded self-consumption and export-tariff defaults |
| Symbol | Meaning | Value | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC_cap | Installed DC peak | 800 | kWp | Design baseline, tradvolt editorial |
| PR | Performance ratio (parking canopy, ventilated) | 0.82 | — | JRC PVGIS v5.3, technology = crystSi, mounting = free — PVGIS interactive tool |
| Y | Plane-of-array yield (Atlantic proxy) | 1,562 | kWh/kWp·yr | PVGIS-SARAH2, 35° tilt, 0° azimuth, Rotterdam location — PVGIS tool |
| D | Module linear degradation | 0.40 | %/yr | Jinko JKM585N-7RL4 datasheet, "Power Output After 25 Years ≥ 87.40 %" — JKM585N-7RL4 datasheet PDF |
| Capex | Turnkey EPC + canopy structure (year 0) | 940,000.00 | € | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024–2028, commercial rooftop/canopy band — Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2024-2028 |
| O&M_y | Annual O&M (preventive + inverter reserve), year 1 | 9,400.00 | €/yr | 1.0 % of Capex, tradvolt convention; cross-checked vs. SPE O&M benchmark |
| Inv | Inverter replacement (year 14) | 62,000.00 | € | Sungrow SG125CX-P2 EU service price band, 6× units to reach 750 kW AC cluster — SG125CX-P2 datasheet PDF |
| Tar | Industrial tariff (Atlantic proxy) | 0.196 | €/kWh | Eurostat electricity prices for industrial consumers, 2024 S2, NL band ID — Eurostat nrg_pc_204 dataset |
| g | Tariff escalation (real) | 1.5 | %/yr | ECB medium-term inflation target band, conservative — ECB monetary policy strategy |
| r | Discount rate (real) | 6.00 | %/yr | tradvolt base case for B2B green-tech CAPEX |
| Life | Analysis horizon | 25 | yr | tradvolt convention; aligned with Jinko 25-year linear power warranty |
Year-1 energy check: Gen₁ = 800 × 1,562 × 0.82 = 1,024,768 kWh, rounded to 1,024,000 kWh in the audited run.
Tariff escalation g is applied to both the on-site self-consumption tariff and the export tariff. O&M is escalated at the same nominal rate because maintenance contracts in this segment are index-linked to local CPI. The NPV uses PV(Net) including the y = 0 Capex term: NPV = Σ PV(Net), where PV(Net)₀ = −Capex (discount factor 1.00 at y = 0) and the running discounted-net column in §4 is the per-year contribution to that sum.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 6.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 1,284,592.42 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 1,105,692.84 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 3,862,374.92 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 1,912,532.17 |
| NPV (EUR) | 806,839.32 |
| IRR | 0.1358 |
| Simple payback (year) | 7.23 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 9.66 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.0876 |
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 940,000.00 | 0.0000 | -940,000.00 | 1.00 | -940,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 9,400.00 | 135,168.00 | 125,768.00 | 0.9434 | 118,649.06 | 1,024,000.00 |
| 2 | 9,541.00 | 136,646.74 | 127,105.74 | 0.8900 | 113,123.65 | 1,019,904.00 |
| 3 | 9,684.11 | 138,141.65 | 128,457.54 | 0.8396 | 107,855.43 | 1,015,824.38 |
| 4 | 9,829.38 | 139,652.92 | 129,823.55 | 0.7921 | 102,832.41 | 1,011,761.09 |
| 5 | 9,976.82 | 141,180.73 | 131,203.91 | 0.7473 | 98,043.19 | 1,007,714.04 |
| 6 | 10,126.47 | 142,725.24 | 132,598.77 | 0.7050 | 93,476.90 | 1,003,683.19 |
| 7 | 10,278.37 | 144,286.66 | 134,008.29 | 0.6651 | 89,123.17 | 999,668.45 |
| 8 | 10,432.54 | 145,865.15 | 135,432.61 | 0.6274 | 84,972.10 | 995,669.78 |
| 9 | 10,589.03 | 147,460.92 | 136,871.89 | 0.5919 | 81,014.26 | 991,687.10 |
| 10 | 10,747.87 | 149,074.14 | 138,326.27 | 0.5584 | 77,240.67 | 987,720.35 |
| 11 | 10,909.08 | 150,705.01 | 139,795.93 | 0.5268 | 73,642.75 | 983,769.47 |
| 12 | 11,072.72 | 152,353.72 | 141,281.00 | 0.4970 | 70,212.33 | 979,834.39 |
| 13 | 11,238.81 | 154,020.47 | 142,781.66 | 0.4688 | 66,941.62 | 975,915.06 |
| 14 | 73,407.39 | 155,705.46 | 82,298.07 | 0.4423 | 36,400.51 | 972,011.39 |
| 15 | 11,578.50 | 157,408.88 | 145,830.37 | 0.4173 | 60,849.92 | 968,123.35 |
| 16 | 11,752.18 | 159,130.93 | 147,378.75 | 0.3936 | 58,015.10 | 964,250.86 |
| 17 | 11,928.46 | 160,871.82 | 148,943.36 | 0.3714 | 55,312.26 | 960,393.85 |
| 18 | 12,107.39 | 162,631.76 | 150,524.37 | 0.3503 | 52,735.28 | 956,552.28 |
| 19 | 12,289.00 | 164,410.95 | 152,121.95 | 0.3305 | 50,278.28 | 952,726.07 |
| 20 | 12,473.34 | 166,209.61 | 153,736.27 | 0.3118 | 47,935.70 | 948,915.16 |
| 21 | 12,660.44 | 168,027.94 | 155,367.50 | 0.2942 | 45,702.19 | 945,119.50 |
| 22 | 12,850.34 | 169,866.16 | 157,015.82 | 0.2775 | 43,572.69 | 941,339.02 |
| 23 | 13,043.10 | 171,724.50 | 158,681.40 | 0.2618 | 41,542.36 | 937,573.67 |
| 24 | 13,238.75 | 173,603.17 | 160,364.42 | 0.2470 | 39,606.57 | 933,823.37 |
| 25 | 13,437.33 | 175,502.39 | 162,065.06 | 0.2330 | 37,760.94 | 930,088.08 |
Energy columns reflect the audited degradation path: Gen_y = 1,024,000 × (1 − 0.0040)^(y−1). Year-14 cost includes the inverter replacement lump (O&M + Inv). The cumulative undiscounted cost column sums to 1,284,592.42 EUR and the discounted PV of costs to 1,105,692.84 EUR, matching §3. PV(Net) at y = 0 = −940,000.00 EUR is the Capex term already included in the 25-year Σ; the NPV of +806,839.32 EUR is the closed sum of the Discounted-net column.
| Subsystem | Model / family | OEM manual & revision | Key limits used |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modules | Jinko JKM585N-7RL4 (Tiger Neo, n-type LRWP, 585 Wp, 1,500 V DC) | JKM585N-7RL4 datasheet PDF; product family page JinkoSolar | Max system voltage 1,500 V DC; power degradation ≤ 0.40 %/yr; 25-year linear power warranty |
| Inverters (cluster A) | Sungrow SG125CX-P2 (125 kW, 3-Phase, 12 MPPT) | SG125CX-P2 datasheet (V1.7, 2024-05-14); product page Sungrow | Max DC input 1,500 V; max input current per MPPT 30 A; EU efficiency 98.7 %; EN 50549-10 compliant |
| Inverters (cluster B) | Huawei SUN2000-125KTL-M0 (125 kW, 3-Phase) | SUN2000-125KTL-M0 user manual; product page Huawei Smart PV | Max DC input 1,500 V; max MPPT current 26 A; EU efficiency 98.8 %; EN 50549-10 compliant |
| Module certification | IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730-1/-2:2016 | IEC 61215-1:2021 — Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules — Design qualification and type approval — Part 1: Test requirements (webstore publication record) | Design qualification and safety qualification, crystalline silicon PV modules |
| Inverter grid code | EN 50549-10:2018 | EN 50549-10:2018 (preview) | Requirements for generating plants to be connected in parallel with distribution networks — Part 10: Tests for compliance |
| Canopy steel structure | Hot-dip galvanized carbon-steel parking canopy | EN 1090-2:2018 (preview); Table NA.1 execution class selection; clause 6.3.2 preparation grades P1/P2/P3 | Execution class EXC2 per EN 1090-2:2018 Table NA.1 for car-park clear height ≥ 4.5 m; tolerance class 2 per EN 1090-2 clause 11.1.4 |
| Fire safety (canopy roof) | Class A roof per EN 13501-1 | EN 13501-1:2018 (preview) | Reaction-to-fire classification A1–F; canopy soffit must satisfy s1/d0 at minimum |
| Field | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| HS code (modules) | 8541.43 — Photosensitive semiconductor devices, photovoltaic cells | USITC HTS — 8541.43 |
| HS code (inverter) | 8504.40 — Static converters | USITC HTS — 8504.40 |
| HS code (canopy steel) | 7308.90 — Structures of iron/steel, n.e.s. | USITC HTS — 7308.90 |
| EU TARIC subheading (modules) | 8541 43 00 — Photovoltaic cells | EU TARIC consultation (lookup by code 85414300) |
| EU MFN duty on 8541 43 00 (modules) | 0 % — PENDING — verify at consultation date; the EU MFN duty on photovoltaic cells (CN 8541 43 00) is duty-free at the autonomous MFN rate, but anti-dumping/countervailing measures and CBAM provisions can change the landed-cost outcome. Confirm against the current TARIC measure at EU TARIC consultation before contract signature. | EU TARIC consultation |
| EU anti-dumping on solar modules (CN 8541 43 00) | PENDING — verify at consultation date; the Commission's anti-dumping measures on solar products from China have historically been renewed or terminated on a case-by-case basis. Check the current measure list at EUR-Lex before quoting. | EUR-Lex (case-specific measures) |
| CBAM exposure (solar modules, CN 8541.43) | PENDING — verify at consultation date; photovoltaic cells/modules under CN 8541.43 are not currently within the definitive CBAM scope per Annex I of Regulation (EU) 2023/956, but embedded steel/aluminium inputs (CN 7308.90, CN 7601) may fall in scope on the embedded-input side and must be reconciled at contract signature. | Regulation (EU) 2023/956 (CELEX 32023R0956) |
| EU Battery Regulation note (if BESS added) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 applies to any on-site lithium-ion BESS; CE-marking, due-diligence and recycled-content rules apply per Articles 7–77. | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 — EU Battery Regulation |
| Dangerous goods (if BESS shipped) | UN 3480 — Lithium-ion batteries (Class 9); IATA DGR Section 4.2 packing instructions | IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR); UN Manual of Tests and Criteria |
| Wood packaging (ISPM 15) | Heat-treated / methyl-bromide-marked pallets required for all sea-freight consignments | IPPC ISPM 15 — International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 |
Canopy tilt is fixed at 35° to keep the annualized yield within ±2 % of an optimized single-axis tracker while preserving the regulatory "parking-only" land-use class in most EU municipalities. Snow load on Continental/Nordic sites is assumed cleared by site staff twice per winter; this is already embedded in the O&M figure.
No battery storage is modeled. Adding a 400 kWh BESS (e.g., CATL EnerC, EVE LFP or Sungrow SBR-series equivalents, all CATL ESS / Sungrow / EVE Energy landing pages) would add roughly 140,000 € capex and reduce net revenue by 1–2 % due to round-trip loss; the EU Battery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1542) would also apply.
The audited model uses sc_pct = 35 % self-consumption and an export tariff of 0.045 EUR/kWh. These are bounded defaults (see §1 model-defaults callout); a real site with higher self-consumption (e.g., a daytime-charging EV fleet on the same parking lot) would shift NPV further upward but is outside the scope of this dossier.