Verdict (base case): Simple (undiscounted) payback = 10.69 years; discounted payback = none within the 25-year horizon; NPV at 8.00% over 25 years = −USD 4,424; IRR = 7.21%; LCOS = USD 0.1374 / kWh. Equipment class: 215 kWh vertical LFP cabinet (farm-ESS); origin: China; destination: Panama; horizon: 25 years; discount rate: 8.00%; degradation: 2.00%/yr; evidence date: 2026-09-22. Limitation: NPV is negative and the discounted payback is undefined within the 25-year horizon, so this base case does not justify CapEx on a discounted basis. The simple-payback view (10.69 yr) is positive but relies on the bounded model assumptions listed in §7. Confirm the Panama duty stack (D.A.I., ITBMS, ISC) on the ANA tariff portal and the buyer-side ASEP tariff band before commitment.
| Decision item | Value |
|---|---|
| Equipment class | 215 kWh vertical LFP cabinet (farm-ESS), China → Panama |
| Horizon | 25 years |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Currency | USD |
| Total CapEx (Year 0) | USD 72,758.00 |
| PV of costs (8.00%) | USD 72,758.00 |
| PV of benefits (8.00%) | USD 68,334.05 |
| NPV (USD) | −4,423.95 |
| IRR | 7.21% |
| Simple (undiscounted) payback | 10.69 years |
| Discounted payback | None within horizon |
| LCOS (USD/kWh) | 0.1374 |
| Headline duty/VAT caveat | Panama D.A.I., ITBMS, ISC rates must be confirmed on the ANA tariff portal at shipment (see Sources) |
Use case: agricultural / farm energy storage (farm-ess-215kwh). Origin: China → Destination: Panama. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Figures are planning figures from the scenario model, not a commercial quotation.
This page models the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a 215 kWh vertical LFP energy-storage cabinet for farm duty (diesel displacement, solar self-consumption, backup) shipped from China to Panama. The cabinet is a battery cabinet; the pairing PCS / hybrid inverter and PV string architecture must be selected by the buyer from the OEM product lines listed below. The framework combines: equipment CapEx, freight and marine insurance, Panama import duty stack, fixed installation/BoS, recurring OpEx, and a payback/NPV view versus the displaced electricity tariff.
The buyer must select an exact cabinet + PCS pairing from one of the OEM families below. All model names are publicly marketed products with linked public product pages or PDF datasheets. Specs (limits: torque, SOC window, voltages) must be re-confirmed against the OEM manual revision in force at the time of RFQ.
| Component role | OEM (legal entity) | Model family (publicly marketed) | Public datasheet / product page |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP battery cabinet (215 kWh class) | Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) | CATL EnerC commercial LFP cabinet family | https://www.catl.com/en/ess/ |
| LFP battery cabinet (alternative) | EVE Energy Co., Ltd. | EVE prismatic LFP cells (LF280K / LF304 family) for BESS-grade cabinets | https://www.evebattery.com/en |
| LFP battery module / HV pack (alternative) | Ningbo Deye Inverter Technology Co., Ltd. | Deye BOS-G high-voltage LFP battery series (5.12 kWh / 51.2 V / 100 Ah per module; 4–12 modules = 20.48–61.44 kWh; 19-inch rack; intelligent BMS with aerosol fire extinguishing) | https://www.deyeinverter.com/news/industry-news/powering-the-future-deye-s-highvoltage-lithium-battery-solutions-for-reliable-energy-storage.html |
| PCS / hybrid inverter (utility / C&I scale) | Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. | Sungrow PowerTitan2.0 utility container BESS (2.5 MW / 5 MWh; DC 1500 V) and ST2752UX liquid-cooled container (2752 kWh, DC 1500 V, pairs with SG3150/4400UD-MV) | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/utility-energy-storage-system/powertitan2 ; https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/Utility-Energy-Storage-System/ST2752UX |
| PCS / hybrid inverter (commercial) | Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. | Sungrow SH5/6/8/10/12T three-phase hybrid (5–12 kW, 400 V; 98% max efficiency; 200% DC/AC; 0 ms switchover; pairs SBH100-400 / SBR064-256) | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/residential-energy-storage-system/sht-5-6-8-10-12 |
| Battery (companion to SH5/6/8/10/12T) | Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. | Sungrow SBR064-256 (3.2 kWh per LFP module; 6.4–25.6 kWh per unit) | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/residential-energy-storage-system/b-sbr064-096-128-160-192-224-256 |
| Battery (companion to SH5/6/8/10/12T, larger) | Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. | Sungrow SBH100-400 (5 kWh per module; 10–40 kWh per unit; max 8 modules/unit, 4 units parallel = 160 kWh; 50 A max charge/discharge) | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/residential-energy-storage-system/sbh100-150-200-250-300-350-40 |
| PCS / string inverter pairing | Huawei Digital Power Technologies Co., Ltd. | Huawei FusionSolar SUN2000-12/15/17/20/25K-MB0 commercial string inverter and SUN2000-150K-MG0 C&I string inverter | https://solar.huawei.com/en/products/SUN2000-12-15-17-20-25K-MB0/ ; https://solar.huawei.com/en/products/SUN2000-150K-MG0/ |
| Residential / small C&I battery pairing | Huawei Digital Power Technologies Co., Ltd. | Huawei LUNA2000-215 Series smart string energy storage | https://solar.huawei.com/en/products/LUNA2000-215-Series/ |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | Growatt New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. | Growatt MAX 100-150KTL3-X LV/MV (10 MPPTs at 32 A; IP66; optional AFCI) and SPF 6000 ES Plus off-grid hybrid | https://www.growatt.com/products/max-100-150ktl3-x-lv-mv ; https://www.growatt.com/products/spf-6000-es-plus |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | GoodWe Technologies Co., Ltd. | GoodWe ET 5–10 kW three-phase hybrid (battery 180–600 V, 25 A charge/discharge) and ET 80–100 kW, ET G2 6–15 kW, ES G2 3–6 kW, PCS 100–125 kW | https://www.goodwe.com/products/energy-storage-products/et-series ; https://www.goodwe.com/products/energy-storage-products/et80-100kw ; https://www.goodwe.com/products/energy-storage-products/etg2 ; https://www.goodwe.com/products/energy-storage-products/es-g2 ; https://www.goodwe.com/products/energy-storage-products/pcs |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | SolaX Power Network Technology (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd. | SolaX X3-ULTRA 15/20/25/30 kW hybrid and X3-AELIO 36–61 kW hybrid | https://www.solaxpower.com/our-products/x3-ultra.html ; https://www.solaxpower.com/our-products/x3-aelio-hybrid-inverter.html |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | Ningbo Deye Inverter Technology Co., Ltd. | Deye SUN-5/6/8/10/12/15/20/25K-SG01HP3-EU-AM2 three-phase hybrid (97.6% max efficiency, 2 MPPT 150–850 V) | https://www.deyeinverter.com/product/hybrid-inverter-1/sun5-6-8-10-12-15-20ksg01hp3euam2-520kw-three-phase-2-mppt-hybrid-inverter-high-voltage-battery.html |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | SRNE Renewable Energy Co., Ltd. | SRNE HESP 8/10/12 kW hybrid and IESP 50/55/60 kW C&I | https://www.srnesolar.com/productdetail/Hybrid-Inverter-HESP-8-12kW-EU.html ; https://www.srnesolar.com/productdetail/C-I-Storage-Inverter-IESP-50-60kW-EU.html |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | Fox ESS Co., Ltd. | Fox ESS H3 PRO hybrid (max 97.8%, MPPT 99.9%, IP65) | https://www.fox-ess.com/products/hybrid-inverter/h3-pro |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | SMA Solar Technology AG | SMA Sunny Boy Smart Energy 3.6–6.0 (single-phase hybrid), Sunny Tripower Smart Energy 5–10 (three-phase hybrid), Sunny Tripower CORE1 33-US / 50-US / 62-US (C&I) | https://www.sma.de/en/products/hybrid-inverters/sunny-boy-smart-energy ; https://www.sma.de/en/products/hybrid-inverters/sunny-tripower-smart-energy ; https://www.sma-america.com/products/solarinverters/sunny-tripower-core1 |
| PCS pairing (alternative) | Fronius International GmbH | Fronius Symo GEN24 Plus (6/8/10/12 kW three-phase hybrid), Primo GEN24 Plus (3–10 kW single-phase hybrid), Symo GEN24 8.0, Verto 25.0, Tauro 50-3-P commercial | https://www.fronius.com/en-gb/uk/solar-energy/installers-partners/technical-data/all-products/inverters/fronius-symo-gen24-plus ; https://www.fronius.com/en-gb/uk/solar-energy/installers-partners/products-solutions/residential-energy-solutions/gen24plus-inverter-with-flexible-backup-power ; https://www.fronius.com/en-in/india/solar-energy/installers-partners/technical-data/all-products/inverters/fronius-symo-gen24/fronius-symo-gen24-8-0 ; https://www.fronius.com/en-gb/uk/solar-energy/installers-partners/technical-data/all-products/inverters/fronius-verto/verto-25-0-spd-12 ; https://www.fronius.com/en-gb/uk/solar-energy/installers-partners/technical-data/all-products/inverters/fronius-tauro/tauro-50-3-p |
| PV module reference (where PV is co-deployed) | LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd. | LONGi Hi-MO X6 (HPBC cell >25.5%, HPBC+ >25.8%) and Hi-MO 9 (up to 670 W, up to 24.8% efficiency, HPBC 2.0 back-contact) | https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules-series/hi-mo-x6/ ; https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/hi-mo-9/ |
| PV module reference (alt.) | Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 series (Anti-Glare / Anti-Dust / AIDC / Fire-Resistant variants) | https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/site/aboutus |
| PV module reference (alt.) | Trina Solar Co., Ltd. | Trina Solar Vertex N series | https://www.trinasolar.com/us-en |
OEM legal-entity names are the publicly registered trade names. Specific limits (bolt torque, SOC window, DC voltage window, max charge/discharge C-rate) must be verified against the OEM manual revision in force at the time of RFQ. Where a public product page is JS-rendered or bot-walled, the exact model number is named in text and the manual revision is confirmed during the RFQ cycle.
| Line item | Description | Indicative value (USD) | Notes / Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equipment EXW (cabinet, OEM line item above) | 215 kWh LFP cabinet, EXW China factory | RFQ — /rfq/ | EXW price depends on order qty, cell batch, and PCS pairing. Request via the TradVolt RFQ form. |
| Sea freight (CN → Manzanillo / Balboa) | FCL, port-to-port | RFQ — buyer-nominated forwarder | To be obtained from a licensed freight forwarder. See FIATA scope at https://fiata.org/. |
| Marine insurance | ~0.3–0.5% of CIF | 0.4% planning assumption | Common marine cargo band for industrial BESS; confirm with insurer. Model assumption. |
| Panama import duty (D.A.I.) | Ad valorem on CIF at classified national line (8507 / 8537) | To be confirmed on Panama ANA tariff portal at shipment | Classify on ANA; cross-check using the USITC HTS (https://hts.usitc.gov/) and UK Global Tariff (https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/). |
| Panama ITBMS (VAT) on imports | Applied on (CIF + duty + taxable charges) | To be confirmed on Panama ANA tariff portal at shipment | Rate band published by ANA. |
| ISC / selective consumption tax | Selective tax on certain goods | Typically does not apply to BESS; confirm on ANA | Confirm classification on ANA portal. |
| Customs broker fee (agente de aduana) | Document handling, DUC, taxes payment | Per broker quote | Panama agente de aduana fee per shipment. |
| Port + destination handling | THC, ISPS, port storage, inland haul to farm site | Per quote | Port terminal handling, Manzanillo/Balboa to farm. |
| Installation & commissioning (BoS) | Foundation, AC cabling, PCS connection, EMS commissioning | Per site survey | Civil works and BoS depend on site; scope via RFQ. |
All USD values must be confirmed by a buyer-side freight forwarder, a licensed Panama customs broker, and the Panama ANA tariff portal before commitment.
| HS national line | Program | Status (2026-09-22) | Lookup source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8507.xx (electric accumulators — lithium-ion) — national line to confirm on ANA portal | Panama D.A.I. | Confirm on ANA tariff portal at shipment | Cross-check via https://hts.usitc.gov/ (USITC HTS) and https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/ (UK Global Tariff) |
| 8537.xx (boards/panels with electrical switching/protection apparatus) — national line to confirm on ANA portal | Panama D.A.I. | Confirm on ANA tariff portal at shipment | Some LFP cabinets with integrated PCS / BMS classify under 8537; cross-check with the EU TARIC tool (https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en) |
| ITBMS (VAT) on imports | Panama ITBMS | Confirm on ANA at shipment | ANA tariff portal (https://www.ana.gob.pa/) |
| ISC (selective consumption tax) | Panama ISC | Confirm on ANA at shipment | ANA tariff portal (https://www.ana.gob.pa/) |
| Line item | Description | Indicative annual value (USD) | Notes / Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive maintenance | Annual service visit, fans/filters, firmware health check | Model assumption: USD 0 / yr in this base case | Scope depends on cabinet and local service partner. The scenario model holds opex.fixed at zero in this base case so the PV of costs equals the Year-0 CapEx; refine via RFQ. |
| Insurance | All-risk property cover on the asset | Model assumption | Roughly 0.3–0.6% of replacement value; confirm with insurer. |
| Thermal management energy | HVAC / cabinet fans electricity, climate-dependent | Model assumption | Panama is hot/humid (World Bank Climate Data Portal — Panama, tropical monsoon classification). |
| Round-trip AC re-charge electricity (if cycling from grid) | Energy losses 5–10% round-trip depending on PCS and climate | Implicit in charge_cost_per_kwh — model assumption: USD 0.00 | Model assumption: asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh is set to zero in this base case (energy is valued at the displaced-tariff rate, not at a separate buy-side grid rate). |
| EMS / connectivity (optional) | Cellular or satellite data plan | Optional | Quoted via RFQ. |
All figures below are the COMPUTED TABLES from the scenario model for this scenario. Inputs (bounded defaults): horizon = 25 yr; discount rate = 8.00%; opex.fixed = USD 0 / yr; residual_value.amount = USD 0; residual_value.year = 0 (no terminal salvage); asset.ess.degradation_pct_per_year = 2.00%; asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh = USD 0.00. Total undiscounted cost in this base case equals USD 72,758.00 (all CapEx in Year 0; no annual OpEx lines triggered).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 72,758.00 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 72,758.00 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 148,576.36 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 68,334.05 |
| NPV (USD) | -4,423.95 |
| IRR | 0.0721 |
| Simple payback (year) | 10.69 |
| Discounted payback (year) | — |
| LCOS (USD/kWh) | 0.1374 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 72,758.00 | 0.0000 | -72,758.00 | 1.00 | -72,758.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 0.0000 | 7,493.73 | 7,493.73 | 0.9259 | 6,938.64 | 58,050.00 |
| 2 | 0.0000 | 7,343.85 | 7,343.85 | 0.8573 | 6,296.17 | 56,889.00 |
| 3 | 0.0000 | 7,196.98 | 7,196.98 | 0.7938 | 5,713.19 | 55,751.22 |
| 4 | 0.0000 | 7,053.04 | 7,053.04 | 0.7350 | 5,184.19 | 54,636.20 |
| 5 | 0.0000 | 6,911.98 | 6,911.98 | 0.6806 | 4,704.17 | 53,543.47 |
| 6 | 0.0000 | 6,773.74 | 6,773.74 | 0.6302 | 4,268.60 | 52,472.60 |
| 7 | 0.0000 | 6,638.26 | 6,638.26 | 0.5835 | 3,873.36 | 51,423.15 |
| 8 | 0.0000 | 6,505.50 | 6,505.50 | 0.5403 | 3,514.72 | 50,394.69 |
| 9 | 0.0000 | 6,375.39 | 6,375.39 | 0.5002 | 3,189.28 | 49,386.79 |
| 10 | 0.0000 | 6,247.88 | 6,247.88 | 0.4632 | 2,893.98 | 48,399.06 |
| 11 | 0.0000 | 6,122.92 | 6,122.92 | 0.4289 | 2,626.02 | 47,431.08 |
| 12 | 0.0000 | 6,000.46 | 6,000.46 | 0.3971 | 2,382.87 | 46,482.45 |
| 13 | 0.0000 | 5,880.45 | 5,880.45 | 0.3677 | 2,162.23 | 45,552.81 |
| 14 | 0.0000 | 5,762.84 | 5,762.84 | 0.3405 | 1,962.02 | 44,641.75 |
| 15 | 0.0000 | 5,647.59 | 5,647.59 | 0.3152 | 1,780.36 | 43,748.91 |
| 16 | 0.0000 | 5,534.64 | 5,534.64 | 0.2919 | 1,615.51 | 42,873.94 |
| 17 | 0.0000 | 5,423.94 | 5,423.94 | 0.2703 | 1,465.92 | 42,016.46 |
| 18 | 0.0000 | 5,315.46 | 5,315.46 | 0.2502 | 1,330.19 | 41,176.13 |
| 19 | 0.0000 | 5,209.15 | 5,209.15 | 0.2317 | 1,207.02 | 40,352.61 |
| 20 | 0.0000 | 5,104.97 | 5,104.97 | 0.2145 | 1,095.26 | 39,545.55 |
| 21 | 0.0000 | 5,002.87 | 5,002.87 | 0.1987 | 993.85 | 38,754.64 |
| 22 | 0.0000 | 4,902.81 | 4,902.81 | 0.1839 | 901.83 | 37,979.55 |
| 23 | 0.0000 | 4,804.76 | 4,804.76 | 0.1703 | 818.32 | 37,219.96 |
| 24 | 0.0000 | 4,708.66 | 4,708.66 | 0.1577 | 742.55 | 36,475.56 |
| 25 | 0.0000 | 4,614.49 | 4,614.49 | 0.1460 | 673.80 | 35,746.05 |
Reading the tables. Undiscounted payback = 10.69 years. Discounted payback is undefined within the 25-year horizon (the cumulative discounted net never crosses zero) — NPV at 8.00% is −USD 4,423.95, so the project does not justify CapEx on a discounted basis. LCOS is reported by the scenario model against the lifetime energy denominator implied by the year-by-year kWh column and the 2%/yr degradation assumption.
| Input | Bounded default used by the scenario model | Classification |
|---|---|---|
| horizon (years) | 25 | Model assumption |
| discount rate | 8.00 % | Model assumption |
| opex.fixed (USD / yr) | 0 (held at zero in this base case) | Model assumption |
| residual_value.amount (USD) | 0 | Model assumption |
| residual_value.year | 0 (no terminal salvage) | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.degradation_pct_per_year | 2.00 % | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.usable_pct (DoD) | Bounded default per scenario model | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.round_trip_eff | Bounded default per scenario model | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.cycles_per_year | Bounded default per scenario model | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh | USD 0.00 (ZERO-AS-MISSING) | Model assumption |
| asset.ess.value_per_kwh_discharged | Bounded default per scenario model | Model assumption |
| Standard / Program | Issuing body | Public document / framework | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| UN 38.3 — Transport of lithium batteries | UN Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods | UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods — Manual of Tests and Criteria (UN ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7), Section 38.3 | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria |
| UN Class 9 / Model Regulations | UN Sub-Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods | UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods — Model Regulations (UN ST/SG/AC.10/1) | https://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev21/21files_e.html |
| IMDG Code | International Maritime Organization (IMO) | International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (sea transport of UN 3480 / UN 3481 lithium batteries) | https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/DangerousGoods.aspx |
| IATA DGR (air freight segment, if multimodal) | International Air Transport Association | IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations programme | https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/ |
| ICAO dangerous goods (air) | International Civil Aviation Organization | ICAO Dangerous Goods Panel | https://www.icao.int/safety/dangerousgoods/Pages/default.aspx |
| IEC 62619 — Secondary lithium cells for industrial applications | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) | IEC 62619:2022 ed2 (TC 21/SC 21A) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64073 |
| IEC 63056 — ESS lithium battery safety (to 1500 V DC) | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) | IEC 63056:2020 | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/29224 |
| IEC 62485-5 — Safe operation of stationary lithium-ion batteries | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) | IEC 62485-5:2020 | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/29086 |
| IEC 62109-1 / -2 / -3 — Safety of power converters for PV | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, TC 82) | IEC 62109-1:2010 (general), -2:2011 (DC-AC inverter particular), -3:2020 (module-integrated electronics) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470 ; https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6471 ; https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/27684 |
| IEC 61215-1-1 — c-Si PV module design qualification | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, TC 82) | IEC 61215-1-1:2021 | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61346 |
| UL 1973 — Batteries for stationary applications | UL (Underwriters Laboratories) | ANSI/CAN/UL 1973, Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productid=UL1973 |
| UL 61730-1 — PV module safety qualification | UL (Underwriters Laboratories) | UL 61730-1 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 1 | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1 |
| NFPA 855 — Stationary energy storage installation | National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) | NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems | https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-855-standard-development/855 |
| MGN 550 (M+F) Amdt 1 — Lithium-ion battery marine guidance | UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency | MGN 550 (M+F) Amendment 1: Electrical installations — guidance for safe design, installation and operation of lithium-ion batteries | https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mgn-550-mf-amendment-1-electrical-installations-guidance-for-safe-design-installation-and-operation-of-lithium-ion-batteries |
| EU Battery Regulation | European Union | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (EU Battery Regulation) | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj |
| EU battery / waste batteries topic page | European Commission — Environment | Batteries topic (waste and recycling) | https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/batteries_en |
| Clean Energy Council approved batteries list (AU) | Clean Energy Council (AU) | Approved batteries list (Battery Safety Guide compliance; required for SRES / network connection) | https://cleanenergycouncil.org.au/industry-programs/products-program/batteries |
| Clean Energy Council Products Program hub (AU) | Clean Energy Council (AU) | Approved inverters/PCE, PV modules and energy storage devices lists | https://cleanenergycouncil.org.au/industry-programs/products-program |
| Panama import duty stack (D.A.I., ITBMS, ISC) | Autoridad Nacional de Aduanas (ANA) — República de Panamá | Tarifa Nacional de Importación (national HS lines) | https://www.ana.gob.pa/ |
| Panama electricity tariff bands (planning reference only) | Ente Regulador de los Servicios Públicos (ASEP) — República de Panamá | ASEP tariff schedules (buyer to pull current band for the site) | https://www.asep.gob.pa/ |
| Panama climate (thermal-management sizing) | World Bank Group | World Bank Climate Data Portal — Panama (tropical monsoon classification) | https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/panama/climate-data-historical |
| Incoterms (trade-term reference) | International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) | Incoterms 2020 (official rules) | https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/ |
| ISPM 15 (wood packaging for sea freight) | International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) | ISPM 15 — Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade | https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms/ |
| EU TARIC (HS / duty cross-check tool) | European Commission — Taxation and Customs | EU TARIC consultation | https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en |
| USITC HTS (HS / duty cross-check tool) | United States International Trade Commission | Harmonized Tariff Schedule search | https://hts.usitc.gov/ |
| UK Global Tariff (HS / duty cross-check tool) | HM Government (UK) | UK Global Tariff lookup | https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/ |
| Market data (planning reference) | International Energy Agency (IEA) | IEA market data hub | https://www.iea.org/ |
| EMS protocol (planning reference) | Open Charge Alliance (OCA) | Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) | https://www.openchargealliance.org/ |
| Freight forwarding (logistics reference) | FIATA | FIATA — International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations | https://fiata.org/ |
| OEM product pages (LFP cabinet / battery) | CATL / EVE Energy / Deye | CATL EnerC / EVE LF-series / Deye BOS-G product pages | https://www.catl.com/en/ess/ ; https://www.evebattery.com/en ; https://www.deyeinverter.com/news/industry-news/powering-the-future-deye-s-highvoltage-lithium-battery-solutions-for-reliable-energy-storage.html |
| OEM product pages (PCS / hybrid inverter) | Sungrow / Huawei / Growatt / GoodWe / SolaX / SMA / Fronius / Deye / SRNE / Fox ESS | Public product pages — see §2 table | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en ; https://solar.huawei.com/en ; https://www.growatt.com/ ; https://www.goodwe.com/about-goodwe/company-profile ; https://www.solaxpower.com/our-products/x3-ultra.html ; https://www.sma.de/en/products/hybrid-inverters/sunny-boy-smart-energy ; https://www.fronius.com/en-gb/uk/solar-energy/installers-partners/technical-data/all-products/inverters/fronius-symo-gen24-plus |
| OEM product pages (PV module, optional co-deployment) | LONGi / JinkoSolar / Trina Solar | LONGi Hi-MO X6 & Hi-MO 9 / JinkoSolar Tiger Neo / Trina Vertex N | https://www.longi.com/en/ ; https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/ ; https://www.trinasolar.com/us-en |
Base-case NPV is negative (NPV = −USD 4,424) and discounted payback does not occur within the 25-year horizon. Simple (undiscounted) payback is 10.69 years. LCOS = USD 0.1374/kWh. On a discounted basis the project does not justify CapEx; on an undiscounted basis it does. Confirm duty stack (Panama ANA D.A.I., ITBMS, ISC) and the buyer-side ASEP tariff band before commitment.
Lithium-ion storage cabinets generally classify under Harmonized System Chapter 85, heading 8507 (electric accumulators) or 8537 (boards/panels with electrical apparatus). The exact Panama national line and current D.A.I., ITBMS, and ISC rates must be confirmed on the ANA tariff portal (https://www.ana.gob.pa/) at shipment. Cross-check via the USITC HTS (https://hts.usitc.gov/), the UK Global Tariff (https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/), and the EU TARIC tool (https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en).
LFP cells/modules/cabinets transported by sea are UN Class 9 (Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods) under the UN Model Regulations (UN ST/SG/AC.10/1) and must follow the IMDG Code (IMO). Per-cell UN 38.3 test summaries (UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) are required. For multimodal air segments, see the IATA DGR programme (https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/) and ICAO dangerous-goods panel (https://www.icao.int/safety/dangerousgoods/Pages/default.aspx).
Preventive maintenance, firmware/EMS updates, all-risk property insurance, thermal management (HVAC/fans) energy, and round-trip AC re-charge electricity where the cabinet is grid-cycled. In this base case, opex.fixed is held at USD 0 / yr (model assumption); site-specific OpEx is refined via the RFQ.
No. The TCO and payback are a planning framework. The base case shows undiscounted simple payback = 10.69 years; NPV at 8.00% over 25 years = −USD 4,424; discounted payback = none within the 25-year horizon. Request a formal RFQ via /rfq/ for binding commercial terms.
Per-batch UN 38.3 test summary (UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7), IEC 62619:2022 industrial LFP test report, IEC 63056:2020 ESS safety report where required, UL 1973 stationary-battery test report where required by the buyer, MSDS/SDS, country-of-origin certificate, and the product datasheet on the OEM's public product page.
Submit via /rfq/. First reply committed within 48 hours, with engineering and commercial follow-up as drawings and certifications are validated.
Submit via the TradVolt RFQ desk at /rfq/. The OEM datasheet (Cabinet + PCS pairing) is also requested through the RFQ form, since the OEM product pages are JS-rendered or bot-walled and exact model numbers + manual revisions are confirmed during the RFQ cycle.