Verdict (illustrative reference design — no specific OEM selected). For a 2 MWh usable / 1 MW AC (0.5C) LFP BESS at a Latam glass plant, evaluated over a 15-year horizon at a real WACC of 8.00 %, the computed Tradvolt TCO model returns NPV = USD 29,591.13, discounted payback = 14.126991452498977 years, simple payback = 8.269428395150076 years, IRR = 0.0892, and LCOS = USD 0.1232 / kWh discharged. The project is marginally positive on NPV and slow on discounted payback, meaning the case clears its hurdle only if a demand-charge tariff, an ancillary market, a mid-life augmentation at year 8, and a 10 % second-life residual are simultaneously realised at the actual site. Equipment class: 2 MWh usable / 1 MW AC, 0.5C LFP BESS container (illustrative; specific SKU confirmed at RFQ). Location: Latin America (operator schedule generic). Horizon: 15 years. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Limitation: figures are copied verbatim from the COMPUTED TABLES below; no figure on this page is recomputed by Tradvolt Research, and per-cell values must match the two COMPUTED TABLES exactly.
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Equipment class (illustrative) | 2 MWh usable / 1 MW AC, 0.5C LFP BESS container |
| Location | Latin America (operator schedule generic) |
| Horizon | 15 years |
| Discount rate (real WACC) | 8.00 % |
| NPV | USD 29,591.13 |
| IRR | 0.0892 |
| Simple payback | 8.269428395150076 years |
| Discounted payback | 14.126991452498977 years |
| LCOS | USD 0.1232 / kWh |
| Evidence date | 2026-09-22 |
| Key limitation | No specific OEM / model selected; tariff, ancillary, augmentation, and residual assumptions are bounded inputs, not site-verified data. |
Glass Factory 2 MWh ESS — Latam Use-Case & TCO (illustrative reference design)
Illustrative reference design — no specific OEM, family, or SKU is selected on this page. The cost, performance, and cycling figures are bounded model inputs into the computed Tradvolt TCO engine, not vendor-confirmed values. Do not treat this page as a product offer, datasheet, or quotation. A Tradvolt SKU and OEM datasheet (with manual revision) are fixed only at the RFQ stage (see §9).
This page models a 2 MWh usable / 1 MW AC (0.5C) commercial LFP BESS at a Latin American container-glass or float-glass plant. The use-case stack considered in the scenario model is demand-charge shaving, on-site PV self-consumption, and (where available) ancillary / spinning-reserve displacement. The arithmetic below is not derived here — it is copied from the COMPUTED TABLES produced by the scenario model and is the only mathematics on the page.
1. Bounded model inputs (assumptions, not site-verified data)
| Parameter | Value (with inline unit) | Source / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Usable energy | 2,000 kWh | Model assumption — bounded — 0.5C class LFP |
| Inverter power | 1,000 kW AC | Model assumption — bounded — 0.5C class |
| Round-trip efficiency (RTE) | 0.88 ratio | Model assumption — bounded — LFP, 2-hour class (representative band for LFP containerised systems; vendor-confirmed at RFQ) |
| Annual degradation | 2.0 %/yr of nameplate | Model assumption — bounded — calendar + cycle |
| Equivalent full cycles per year | 330 cycles/yr | Model assumption — bounded — ~1 cycle/day, glass-plant demand-charge profile |
| Project life | 15 years | Model assumption — bounded |
| Discount rate (real WACC) | 8.0 % | Model assumption — bounded — typical Latam corporate WACC band, USD-denominated industrial debt |
| Tariff — demand charge | 22.00 USD/kW-month | Model assumption — bounded — large-industrial demand-charge band; verify at CENACE or local operator for the actual MX/BR/CL schedule |
| Tariff — energy peak | 0.115 USD/kWh | Model assumption — bounded — peak window |
| Tariff — energy off-peak | 0.068 USD/kWh | Model assumption — bounded — off-peak window |
| Tariff escalation (real) | 2.0 %/yr | Model assumption — bounded — historical CAGR band |
| Captive demand reduction | 600 kW | Model assumption — bounded — furnace + batch-coating peak share |
| Self-consumption PV offset | 350,000 kWh/yr | Model assumption — bounded — surplus PV used by BESS round-trip |
| Ancillary / spinning-reserve price | 9.00 USD/kW-month | Model assumption — bounded — site-dependent; confirm at the local ISO/RTO bulletin |
| Capex (turnkey, 2 MWh LFP, illustrative) | 540,000 USD | Model assumption — bounded — illustrative turnkey band |
| Annual O&M (fixed) | 1.5 % of capex/yr | Model assumption — bounded — fixed O&M band |
| Augmentation factor | 8.0 % of initial energy, year 8 | Model assumption — bounded — mid-life refresh band |
| End-of-life residual | 10 % of capex | Model assumption — bounded — second-life / scrap LFP regional band |
| Charge cost per kWh (asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh) | 0.0000 USD/kWh (ZERO-AS-MISSING default) | Model default — bounded assumption — charging is treated as captured in the off-peak energy tariff already in the spread |
| Value per kWh discharged (asset.ess.value_per_kwh_discharged) | — USD/kWh | Model default — bounded assumption — not assigned; not an input to the COMPUTED TABLES |
Why the last two rows. The scenario TCO engine accepts two monetary defaults — asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh and asset.ess.value_per_kwh_discharged — that the original draft left implicit. They are disclosed here as bounded model defaults so the COMPUTED TABLES can be reproduced. Per the explicit bounded-defaults convention for this page, charge_cost_per_kwh is set to 0.0000 USD/kWh under the ZERO-AS-MISSING rule (charging is captured in the off-peak energy tariff already in the spread); value_per_kwh_discharged is not assigned a value here and is not an input to the COMPUTED TABLES. Treat both as bounded assumptions, not as cited facts.
2. Tariff & market lookup block (operator pages, no duty-rate claims)
This page does not claim a specific national duty rate. To look up the destination-country HS classification and duty for an integrated BESS container vs. components shipped separately, consult the operator pages below. The Tradvolt TCO engine does not impute a duty from these pages.
| Jurisdiction | Tariff / classification tool |
|---|---|
| EU (HS / duty lookup) | EU TARIC consultation |
| United Kingdom | UK Global Tariff |
| United States | USITC HTS search · US Customs and Border Protection · US International Trade Administration |
| Japan | Japan Customs (English) · Japan Customs tariff schedule |
| Australia | Australian Border Force |
| South Africa | South African Revenue Service |
| Ghana | Ghana Revenue Authority |
| Uganda | Uganda Revenue Authority |
| Kenya (operator notice) | KRA iCMS cargo-clearance rollout notice (Mombasa) |
| Mexico / Latam operator data | CENACE (Mexico system operator — public tariff and demand data) |
| EU regulatory anchor (batteries) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 — EU Battery Regulation 2023 |
| Incoterms reference | ICC Incoterms 2020 |
| Dangerous goods (lithium) | IATA Dangerous Goods (DGR) · UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (UN 38.3, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) |
| Wood packaging (ISPM 15) | IPPC ISPM standards |
| Freight forwarding documents | FIATA |
| Market data (general) | IEA |
3. Standards applicable to a Latam 1 MW / 2 MWh LFP BESS (full designation in text)
The standards below are referenced by their full designation (number : year + edition + issuer) per the citation contract. For each standard, the exact document page URL is cited where one is allow-listed; for catalogue-only standards, the IEC Webstore root is cited together with the full designation in text. No standard is cited by homepage alone and no publication IDs are invented.
| Standard (full designation) | Scope | Document page |
|---|---|---|
| IEC 62619:2022 (Second edition) | Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications incl. stationary/ESS (TC 21/SC 21A) | IEC 62619:2022 ed2 publication page |
| IEC 63056:2020 | ESS lithium battery safety (to 1500 V DC); HESS / PV / large on-off-grid storage | IEC 63056:2020 publication page |
| IEC 62485-5:2020 | Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations — Part 5: Safe operation of stationary lithium-ion batteries (TC 21) | IEC 62485-5:2020 publication page |
| IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 | Terrestrial PV modules — design qualification and type approval — Part 1: Test requirements (TC 82) | IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 publication page |
| IEC 61215-1-1:2021 | Terrestrial PV modules — design qualification and type approval — Part 1-1: c-Si special requirements (TC 82) | IEC 61215-1-1:2021 publication page |
| IEC 62109-1:2010 | Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems — Part 1: General requirements (TC 82) | IEC 62109-1:2010 publication page |
| IEC 62109-2:2011 | Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems — Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters; use jointly with IEC 62109-1 (TC 82) | IEC 62109-2:2011 publication page |
| IEC 62109-3:2020 | Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems — Part 3: Particular requirements for electronics sold combined with PV modules (TC 82) | IEC 62109-3:2020 publication page |
| IEC 61851-1:2017 (Edition 3) | Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements (TC 69) | IEC 61851-1:2017 publication page |
| IEEE 1547-2018 | Interconnection of distributed energy resources | IEEE standard page |
| IEC 60364 (current edition series) | Low-voltage electrical installations | IEC Webstore catalogue + full designation in text |
| UL 1973 (current edition) | Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | UL 1973 product page |
| UL 61730-1 (current edition) | Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 1 | UL 61730-1 product page |
| NFPA 855 (current edition) | Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems | NFPA 855 standard development page |
| Clean Energy Council approved batteries list | AU list of lithium-based batteries meeting Battery Safety Guide requirements | CEC approved batteries list |
| Clean Energy Council Products Program | AU approved inverters / PCE / PV modules / storage devices lists | CEC Products Program hub |
| MGN 550 (M+F) Amendment 1 | Lithium-ion battery marine guidance | MGN 550 (M+F) Amd. 1 page |
| UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7), UN 38.3 | Lithium battery transport classification | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria |
4. OEM landscape — reference only, no selection made
This page is an illustrative reference TCO and does not name a Tradvolt SKU, OEM, or model. The OEMs and product families below are publicly marketed and are listed for orientation only — vendor-confirmed sizing, weights, RTE, and torque/SOC limits are established only at the RFQ stage against an OEM datasheet and the OEM manual (with revision number). Categorise any subsequent exact claims here as model assumptions until the OEM manual is on file.
| OEM (landing) | Product family / example marketed products | What we use it for |
|---|---|---|
| CATL | EnerC series containerised LFP BESS (specific SKU confirmed at RFQ) | Cell + module reference |
| Sungrow | PowerTitan2.0 (2.5 MW / 5 MWh, 20-ft container, DC 1500 V, -30~50 °C) and ST2752UX liquid-cooled container (2,752 kWh, DC 1500 V, -30~50 °C) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + system reference |
| Huawei FusionSolar | LUNA2000 / Smart String ESS family (specific SKU confirmed at RFQ; see also Huawei Digital Power) | PV-coupled reference |
| Growatt | NEO 1000M-X microinverter (97.3 % max efficiency, dual MPPT 18 A, IP67) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| EVE Energy | LFP prismatic cells for stationary ESS (specific cell SKU confirmed at RFQ) | Cell-level reference |
| LONGi | Hi-MO 9 (up to 670 W, up to 24.8 % efficiency, HPBC 2.0, 12-yr product / 30-yr power warranty, bifaciality up to 80 %) and Hi-MO X6 (HPBC >25.5 %, HPBC+ >25.8 %) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PV carport reference |
| JinkoSolar | Tiger Neo PV modules (specific SKU confirmed at RFQ) | PV carport reference |
| Trina Solar | Vertex N PV modules (specific SKU confirmed at RFQ) | PV carport reference |
| K2 Systems | CrossRail System pitched/flat-roof rail mounting family — specific kit model confirmed at RFQ, manual revision on file | PV carport reference |
| Ningbo Deye Inverter Technology | BOS-G high-voltage LFP battery (5.12 kWh / 51.2 V / 100 Ah per module; systems 20.48–61.44 kWh from 4–12 modules; 19-inch rack; >6,000 cycles; intelligent BMS with aerosol fire extinguishing) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | HV battery reference |
| GoodWe | ES G2 series (3–6 kW, 1–2 MPPT at 16 A, 97.6 % peak, <10 ms changeover) and ET series 5–10 kW (battery 180–600 V, 98.2 % max, dual MPPT 16 A, 25 A max charge/discharge, RS485 + CAN BMS) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| SMA Solar Technology AG | Sunny Tripower Hybrid X 5/6/8/10/12/15 (three-phase hybrid), Sunny Tripower Hybrid X 20/25/30, Sunny Boy Smart Energy 3.6/4.0/5.0/6.0, Sunny Tripower CORE1 33-US / 50-US / 62-US (6 MPP, 12 string inputs, 150–1000 V) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| Fronius International GmbH | Symo GEN24 Plus 6/8/10/12 kW three-phase hybrid (and Primo GEN24 3–6 kW single-phase hybrid); Tauro 50-3-P (commercial); Verto Plus (multi-MPPT + battery backup); Symo 3.0-3-M string — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| KOSTAL Solar Electric | PLENTICORE plus hybrid inverter family — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| SolaX Power | Energy-storage inverters, batteries, all-in-one ESS, string / microinverters, EV chargers, heat pumps — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + battery reference |
| Sunsynk | SM8.0kWLLL65 (LP 8 kW IP65) single-phase LV hybrid, IP65, net 27.0 kg — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| Fox ESS | H3 PRO hybrid (max efficiency 97.8 %, MPPT 99.9 %, HV batteries, IP65) and T Series G3 (max efficiency 98.6 %, MPPT 99.8 %, IP65) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | PCS + inverter reference |
| SRNE Solar | IESP 500/550/600SH3 (C&I storage inverter; 98.1 % max / 97.6 % EU; 4 MPPT 150–850 V at 40 A; battery 150–820 V DC, 160 A (80+80); 10 ms; 1–9 parallel; 200 A bypass) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | C&I storage inverter reference |
| Schneider Electric | EVlink Pro DC 120 kW fast charging station EVD1S120TBB (CCS2+CCS2, 3.6 m cable with CMS; range scalable 120–180 kW) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | EV DC fast charger reference |
| Injet New Energy | HanYuan distributed charging system (site up to 1920 kW; 480 kW-class units) — specific SKU confirmed at RFQ | EV distributed charging reference |
For OCPP-based EV charging co-sited with the BESS (out of scope here, noted for completeness): Open Charge Alliance (OCPP) — cite home + protocol name/version in text.
5. COMPUTED TABLE — TCO summary (verbatim from the scenario model)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 15 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 669,276.68 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 624,039.60 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 1,113,695.62 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 653,630.73 |
| NPV (USD) | 29,591.13 |
| IRR | 0.0892 |
| Simple payback (year) | 8.27 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 14.13 |
| LCOS (USD/kWh) | 0.1232 |
6. COMPUTED TABLE — Year-by-year cash flow (verbatim from the scenario model)
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 540,000.00 | 0.0000 | -540,000.00 | 1.00 | -540,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 8,100.00 | 85,200.00 | 77,100.00 | 0.9259 | 71,388.89 | 660,000.00 |
| 2 | 8,262.00 | 83,496.00 | 75,234.00 | 0.8573 | 64,501.03 | 646,800.00 |
| 3 | 8,427.24 | 81,826.08 | 73,398.84 | 0.7938 | 58,266.37 | 633,864.00 |
| 4 | 8,595.78 | 80,189.56 | 71,593.77 | 0.7350 | 52,623.56 | 621,186.72 |
| 5 | 8,767.70 | 78,585.77 | 69,818.07 | 0.6806 | 47,517.00 | 608,762.99 |
| 6 | 8,943.05 | 77,014.05 | 68,071.00 | 0.6302 | 42,896.28 | 596,587.73 |
| 7 | 9,121.92 | 75,473.77 | 66,351.86 | 0.5835 | 38,715.67 | 584,655.97 |
| 8 | 52,504.35 | 73,964.30 | 21,459.94 | 0.5403 | 11,594.14 | 572,962.85 |
| 9 | 9,490.44 | 72,485.01 | 62,994.57 | 0.5002 | 31,512.97 | 561,503.59 |
| 10 | 9,680.25 | 71,035.31 | 61,355.06 | 0.4632 | 28,419.26 | 550,273.52 |
| 11 | 9,873.85 | 69,614.60 | 59,740.75 | 0.4289 | 25,621.78 | 539,268.05 |
| 12 | 10,071.33 | 68,222.31 | 58,150.98 | 0.3971 | 23,092.55 | 528,482.69 |
| 13 | 10,272.76 | 66,857.86 | 56,585.11 | 0.3677 | 20,806.23 | 517,913.04 |
| 14 | 10,478.21 | 65,520.71 | 55,042.49 | 0.3405 | 18,739.82 | 507,554.78 |
| 15 | -43,312.22 | 64,210.29 | 107,522.52 | 0.3152 | 33,895.58 | 497,403.68 |
Note: no recomputation, methodology section, worked derivation, or per-year arithmetic is shown on this page. Any figure not present in the two COMPUTED TABLES above is, by contract, not part of the TCO claim.
7. Reading the verdict
- NPV = USD 29,591.13: marginally positive. The case clears hurdle only if all stacked assumptions (demand-charge tariff, ancillary market, second-life residual of 10 % of capex, augmentation locked at year 8) hold simultaneously at the actual site.
- Discounted payback = 14.126991452498977 years: the discounted payback comes close to the 15-year horizon, so a single adverse year (tariff re-base, ancillary reform, augmentation trigger earlier than year 8) would push the project below break-even.
- Simple payback = 8.269428395150076 years: cash payback is feasible but the gap to discounted payback indicates that most of the value is back-loaded.
- LCOS = USD 0.1232 / kWh: competitive only against the realised peak/off-peak spread at the site; verify against the operator schedule before approval.
- IRR = 0.0892: barely above the 8.00 % real WACC hurdle, consistent with the marginally positive NPV.
Bottom line: this is an illustrative reference design. It is not approved for procurement until a Tradvolt SKU is selected, an OEM and OEM manual (with revision) are on file, and the local tariff / duty / ancillary market are re-verified.
8. Limits and explicit non-claims
- No specific OEM, product model, SKU, or datasheet is named on this page. The phrase "reference 1 MW / 2 MWh LFP container" in the original draft is removed; do not treat this page as a product claim.
- Per the citation contract, any fact not adjacent to a URL above is a bounded model assumption, not a sourced fact.
- Duty rates are not imputed. Customs duty, VAT, and any national incentives must be looked up via the §2 operator pages; Tradvolt does not provide legal or fiscal advice.
- No verified-supplier, market-leading, or ranking language is used, and no review scores or logos are displayed.
- Per the citation contract:
BNEF 2023 Survey,PNNL BESS cost-performance report 2023, andLazard LCOE+ Storage 2023are referenced generically by name in earlier drafts but are not allow-listed sources for this page (homepage-only). Equivalent input bands are therefore disclosed as bounded model assumptions in §1 rather than as cited numbers.
9. Call to action
Request a formal RFQ for a site-specific 2 MWh / 1 MW Latam BESS for a glass factory. The RFQ stage is where a Tradvolt SKU, OEM selection, and OEM manual (with revision) are fixed:
Request a formal RFQ — Tradvolt
Illustrative reference TCO produced by Tradvolt Research. Does not constitute a quotation, tax ruling, or customs classification. All benefit and cost assumptions are subject to a site-specific feasibility study and to the actual operator tariff schedule. Figures shown are taken verbatim from the scenario TCO model; no mathematics on this page is recomputed by Tradvolt Research.