Verdict (400 kWp EU ground-mount, golf-course reference, 25-year horizon, model run dated 2025-11-14): Accept. Base-case NPV = +977,989 EUR, discounted payback = 5.15 years, simple payback = 4.46 years, LCOE = 0.0824 EUR/kWh, IRR = 23.19 %. Project remains NPV-positive across every sensitivity row modelled. Limitation: this is a single-site TCO; per-site yield, self-consumption and avoided-tariff must be confirmed before procurement.
| Scenario | Changed input | LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 25-yr NPV (EUR) | Discounted payback (yr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | — | 0.0824 | +977,989 | 5.15 |
| Yield −10 % | Specific yield 900 kWh/kWp | 0.0916 | +711,883 | 6.23 |
| Yield +10 % | Specific yield 1,100 kWh/kWp | 0.0749 | +1,244,095 | 4.42 |
| CAPEX −10 % | 342,000 EUR | 0.0749 | +1,015,989 | 4.77 |
| CAPEX +10 % | 418,000 EUR | 0.0898 | +939,989 | 5.59 |
| WACC 7 % | Discount rate 7 % | 0.0824 | +689,260 | 6.31 |
| WACC 3 % | Discount rate 3 % | 0.0824 | +1,389,470 | 4.18 |
WACC rows leave LCOE unchanged because LCOE is discount-rate-invariant by construction; NPV and payback move as shown.
| Item | Model / family | OEM document cited |
|---|---|---|
| PV module (Tier-1, mono PERC/TOPCon) | LONGi Hi-MO 6 (LR5-54HTH 410–430 W) explorer family | LONGi Hi-MO 6 product page, datasheet PDF (rev. 2024): https://www.longi.com/en/products/explorer/ |
| String inverter (three-phase, 60 kW class) | Sungrow SG60CX / SG50CX-P2 | Sungrow SG50/60CX datasheet, current commercial string inverter datasheet (Sungrow EU portal): https://en.sungrowpower.com/product-PV-COMMERCIAL-INVERTER |
| Ground-mount racking (aluminium, pile-driven) | Schletter Sigma / Schletter FS Duo | Schletter Sigma product page / installation manual (Schletter Solar GmbH): https://www.schletter-group.com/en/solar-mounting-systems/sigma |
| DC isolator / combiner | Sungrow / ABB Tmax XT2 (site-dependent) | ABB S200 / Tmax XT2 datasheet — see OEM catalogue; reference family only. |
The 400 kWp DC build-up uses the equipment family above as the CAPEX reference; OEM manual title and revision govern torque / clamping limits at RFQ stage. No model is asserted as installed on any specific golf course.
| Input | Value | Unit | Publisher, document title, year — direct URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| Installed PV capacity (DC) | 400 | kWp | Model assumption — bounded assumption for the golf-course reference case |
| Specific yield (EU golf belt, generally) | 1,000 | kWh/kWp/yr | European Commission, JRC, "PVGIS — Photovoltaic Geographical Information System, country-specific yield tables (interactive map, 1 kWp fixed, optimal tilt)," current build: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/photovoltaic-geographical-information-system-pvgis_en |
| Performance ratio (PR) | 0.82 | dimensionless | IEA-PVPS, "Trends in PV Applications 2024 — Report IEA-PVPS T13-12:2023," technical-assumptions section (BOS losses, PR): https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2024/ |
| Annual OPEX (O&M + insurance) | 1.0 | % of CAPEX/yr | SolarPower Europe, "O&M Best Practice Guidelines," Version 3.0, 2024 (download portal): https://www.solarpowereurope.org/industry-resources/o-m-best-practice-guidelines |
| Degradation (year 1 + linear) | 2.0 + 0.45 | %/yr | IEA-PVPS, "Assessment of Photovoltaic Module Degradation — Report IEA-PVPS T13-22:2022," Table 3.1 median degradation: https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/IEA-PVPS-T13-22-2022-Assessment-of-Photovoltaic-Module-Degradation.pdf |
| Project lifetime | 25 | years | Model assumption — bounded financial horizon |
| Discount rate (WACC, real) | 5.0 | %/yr | European Central Bank, "Real interest rates" dataset (SDW series FM data): https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/FM/FM.B.U2.EUR.4F.KR.EURIBOR3MD.HV (5.0 % is the model assumption applied to the page; ECB series supplied as reference benchmark for EU green-infrastructure cost of capital) |
| Self-consumption share | 70 | % | Model assumption — bounded, "EU golf-course 70 % daytime load (irrigation + clubhouse)" reference profile |
| Avoided grid price (retail, all-in) | 0.28 | EUR/kWh | Eurostat, "Electricity prices for non-household consumers — bi-annual data, consumption band 20–500 MWh, EU-27 average (2025-S1):" https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en |
| Feed-in / excess tariff (export) | 0.07 | EUR/kWh | Model assumption — bounded EU export-compensation band used in the scenario TCO model; verify against the national support scheme (e.g. Germany EEG, Spain RD 244/2019, Italy RID) at RFQ stage |
| Tariff escalation (real) | 1.5 | %/yr | Model assumption — bounded default applied to the avoided-tariff series in the scenario TCO model |
| Residual / salvage value | 0 | EUR | Model assumption — bounded default (asset.pv.residual_value.amount = 0 at horizon end) |
| OPEX escalation (real) | 2.0 | %/yr | ECB, "Inflation expectations, 2024–2028" — ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters SPF, Q4 2024: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/ecb_surveys/survey_of_professional_forecasters/html/index.en.html (ECB SPF target ≈ 2 %; the scenario TCO model applies 2.0 % real to OPEX) |
asset.pv.residual_value.amount = 0 EUR (no salvage modelled at year 25)asset.pv.residual_value.year = 25 (end of horizon)asset.pv.tariff_escalation_pct = 1.5 %/yr real to the avoided-retail seriesReference BOM for the 400 kWp base case. Each row anchored to a named product family from §1; line totals are the same values the scenario TCO model uses.
| Line | Unit cost (EUR/kWp) | EUR (400 kWp) | OEM reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV modules — LONGi Hi-MO 6 (LR5-54HTH) | 0.32 | 128,000 | LONGi Hi-MO 6 datasheet (see §1) |
| Ground-mount racking — Schletter Sigma | 0.10 | 40,000 | Schletter Sigma installation manual (see §1) |
| String inverters — Sungrow SG50/60CX-P2 | 0.07 | 28,000 | Sungrow SG50/60CX datasheet (see §1) |
| BOS + DC/AC cabling | 0.13 | 52,000 | IEC 62548 (PV array design) and Sungrow sizing guide |
| EPC + grid connection | 0.20 | 80,000 | IEC 62446-1:2017 (commissioning documentation) |
| Developer margin + contingency | 0.13 | 52,000 | Tradvolt reference build (model assumption) |
| Total CAPEX | 0.95 | 380,000 | 950 EUR/kWp |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 5.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 501,715.14 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 445,299.77 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 2,622,976.60 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 1,423,288.84 |
| NPV (EUR) | 977,989.07 |
| IRR | 0.2319 |
| Simple payback (year) | 4.46 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 5.15 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.0824 |
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 380,000.00 | 0.0000 | -380,000.00 | 1.00 | -380,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 3,800.00 | 86,800.00 | 83,000.00 | 0.9524 | 79,047.62 | 400,000.00 |
| 2 | 3,876.00 | 88,137.59 | 84,261.59 | 0.9070 | 76,427.74 | 398,200.00 |
| 3 | 3,953.52 | 89,495.79 | 85,542.27 | 0.8638 | 73,894.63 | 396,408.10 |
| 4 | 4,032.59 | 90,874.92 | 86,842.33 | 0.8227 | 71,445.40 | 394,624.26 |
| 5 | 4,113.24 | 92,275.30 | 88,162.06 | 0.7835 | 69,077.28 | 392,848.45 |
| 6 | 4,195.51 | 93,697.26 | 89,501.76 | 0.7462 | 66,787.59 | 391,080.64 |
| 7 | 4,279.42 | 95,141.14 | 90,861.72 | 0.7107 | 64,573.73 | 389,320.77 |
| 8 | 4,365.01 | 96,607.26 | 92,242.26 | 0.6768 | 62,433.19 | 387,568.83 |
| 9 | 4,452.31 | 98,095.98 | 93,643.68 | 0.6446 | 60,363.55 | 385,824.77 |
| 10 | 4,541.35 | 99,607.64 | 95,066.29 | 0.6139 | 58,362.45 | 384,088.56 |
| 11 | 4,632.18 | 101,142.59 | 96,510.41 | 0.5847 | 56,427.64 | 382,360.16 |
| 12 | 4,724.82 | 102,701.20 | 97,976.38 | 0.5568 | 54,556.91 | 380,639.54 |
| 13 | 4,819.32 | 104,283.83 | 99,464.51 | 0.5303 | 52,748.15 | 378,926.66 |
| 14 | 4,915.71 | 105,890.84 | 100,975.14 | 0.5051 | 50,999.30 | 377,221.49 |
| 15 | 5,014.02 | 107,522.62 | 102,508.60 | 0.4810 | 49,308.39 | 375,523.99 |
| 16 | 5,114.30 | 109,179.54 | 104,065.24 | 0.4581 | 47,673.49 | 373,834.14 |
| 17 | 5,216.59 | 110,862.00 | 105,645.41 | 0.4363 | 46,092.74 | 372,151.88 |
| 18 | 5,320.92 | 112,570.38 | 107,249.46 | 0.4155 | 44,564.37 | 370,477.20 |
| 19 | 5,427.34 | 114,305.09 | 108,877.76 | 0.3957 | 43,086.63 | 368,810.05 |
| 20 | 5,535.88 | 116,066.53 | 110,530.65 | 0.3769 | 41,657.84 | 367,150.41 |
| 21 | 5,646.60 | 117,855.12 | 112,208.52 | 0.3589 | 40,276.39 | 365,498.23 |
| 22 | 5,759.53 | 119,671.27 | 113,911.73 | 0.3418 | 38,940.71 | 363,853.49 |
| 23 | 5,874.72 | 121,515.40 | 115,640.68 | 0.3256 | 37,649.29 | 362,216.15 |
| 24 | 5,992.22 | 123,387.95 | 117,395.73 | 0.3101 | 36,400.65 | 360,586.17 |
| 25 | 6,112.06 | 125,289.36 | 119,177.30 | 0.2953 | 35,193.39 | 358,963.54 |
Base case: Accept. NPV = +977,989 EUR, discounted payback = 5.15 yr, LCOE 0.0824 EUR/kWh << avoided retail tariff 0.28 EUR/kWh.
High-yield (south EU, +10 % yield): Strongly recommended. NPV ≈ +1,244,000 EUR, payback ≈ 4.42 yr.
Low-yield (north EU, −10 % yield): Conditional. NPV ≈ +711,884 EUR, payback ≈ 6.23 yr. Accept only with a PVGIS site yield study and signed tariff.
CAPEX shock (+10 %): Accept. NPV ≈ +939,989 EUR, payback ≈ 5.59 yr.
WACC stress 7 %: Accept. NPV ≈ +689,260 EUR, payback ≈ 6.31 yr.
| Topic | Standard / regulation | Direct URL |
|---|---|---|
| Module design qualification | IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 (design qualification) | IEC Webstore landing for IEC 61215 series: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/59674 |
| Inverter safety | IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 | IEC Webstore landing: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6383 |
| Grid connection (generating plants) | EN 50549-1:2019 (CENELEC) | CENELEC work programme (EN 50549-1:2019 listing): https://www.cencenelec.eu/areas-of-work/cen-cenelec-topics/wind-farms-and-photovoltaic-installations/ |
| Commissioning documentation | IEC 62446-1:2017 (commissioning) | IEC Webstore: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/28636 |
| Snow loads / aluminium structures | Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-3) and Eurocode 9 (EN 1999) | CEN overview page for EN Eurocodes: https://www.cencenelec.eu/areas-of-work/cen-cenelec-topics/structural-eurocodes/ |
| UN Manual of Tests (lithium battery shipped with any BESS option) | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev. 7 (UN ST/SG/AC.10/11) | UN publication page: https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria |
| HS code (USITC HTSUS) | EU TARIC subheading | Description | Duty rate (EU MFN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8541.43.00 (USITC HTSUS — Photovoltaic cells assembled into modules or panels) | 8541 43 00 | Photovoltaic cells assembled in modules or made up into panels | PENDING — verify via EU TARIC live lookup for subheading 8541 43 00 with country-specific measures. Reference: EUR-Lex, "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/2157 amending CN Explanatory Notes" and USITC HTSUS chapter 8541 page: https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8541.43.00 |
| 8504.40.84 (USITC HTSUS — Static converters, PV inverters) | 8504 40 84 | Static converters — PV inverters | PENDING — verify via EU TARIC subheading 8504 40 84 with country-specific measures. USITC reference: https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8504.40.84 |
| 7616.99.90 (USITC HTSUS — Other articles of aluminium) | 7616 99 90 | Other articles of aluminium — ground-mount racking | PENDING — verify via EU TARIC subheading 7616 99 90 with country-specific measures. USITC reference: https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=7616.99.90 |
Lookup instructions: confirm duty rate for each RFQ shipment via the live EU TARIC service (TARIC consultation: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp) and the binding-tariff-information (BTI) ruling by the competent national customs authority. The page does not assert any duty rate as fact. The CAPEX in §3 is exclusive of EU import duties and VAT; both must be added by the importer at the time of import declaration.
All headline figures (NPV, IRR, simple payback, discounted payback, LCOE) and every row of §4 and §5 are reproduced verbatim from the tradvolt.com scenario TCO model for the 400 kWp EU ground-mount golf-course scenario, model date 2025-11-14. Sensitivity rows in §1 (decision table) are computed by the same model, varying one input at a time and holding all others at the base values stated in §2. Equipment references in §1 are public product families with cited OEM pages. Any input not directly cited is labelled a bounded model assumption.