Import 450W Solar Panels from China to Guatemala — Residential Rooftop TCO

Q: What HS code applies to 450W solar panels imported into Guatemala?

HS 8541.43 (photovoltaic cells and modules assembled into modules — crystalline silicon) per WCO HS 2022 nomenclature. Guatemala's national line and applicable DAI/IVA rates must be confirmed against the SAT Guatemala Araña Electrónica portal — the computed duty-stack is PENDING on this page.

0. Answer-first — headline verdict & decision table

Verdict (illustrative, not a quote): a 6 kWp residential rooftop built from 14 × Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V modules imported from China to Guatemala City and operated over 25 years at an 8.00% discount rate returns NPV = USD 10,132, with discounted payback 6.20 years, simple payback 4.79 years, LCOE USD 0.0628 /kWh and IRR 22.13%. DAI and IVA are PENDING pending SAT Guatemala lookup; figures below assume the bounded inputs in §11 and are not a quote.

TCO decision table (25-year horizon, USD)
Decision metric	Value	Source / claim
Equipment (exact model)	Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V Tiger Neo, 14 panels = 6.30 kWp DC STC	Jinko Solar product page: https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/TigerNeo.html
Inverter (paired)	Sungrow SG5K-D single-phase string inverter, 2 MPPT	Sungrow product page: https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/SG5K-D
Location	Guatemala City, Guatemala (14.63°N, 90.51°W)	PVGIS query, JRC EU: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
Horizon	25 years (module linear performance warranty baseline)	Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V datasheet (linear warranty ≥ 84.8% at year 25): https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/202312/JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1)-IEC-2023.pdf
Discount rate	8.00% nominal	Model assumption (bounded input)
Currency	USD	—
NPV	USD 10,132.42	Computed table §1
IRR	22.13%	Computed table §1
Simple payback	4.79 years	Computed table §1
Discounted payback	6.20 years	Computed table §1
LCOE	USD 0.0628 /kWh	Computed table §1
DAI (import duty)	PENDING — SAT lookup	SAT Guatemala Araña Electrónica: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/
IVA (VAT on import)	PENDING — SAT lookup	SAT Guatemala Araña Electrónica: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/
Limitation	Illustrative — bounded input set; not a quote; DAI/IVA rates to be confirmed against live SAT portal before any commercial invoice.	—

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1. TCO summary — computed figures

TCO summary
Metric	Value
Currency	USD
Horizon (years)	25
Discount rate	8.00 %
Total undiscounted cost (USD)	6,200.00
Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD)	6,200.00
Total undiscounted benefit (USD)	42,048.70
Total discounted benefit (USD)	16,332.42
NPV (USD)	10,132.42
IRR	0.2213
Simple payback (year)	4.79
Discounted payback (year)	6.20
LCOE (USD/kWh)	0.0628

All figures in this table are SCENARIO OUTPUTS — produced by the computed Tradvolt TCO model from the inputs enumerated in §11. Do not re-derive by hand from the year-by-year table; minor rounding differences may appear.

2. Year-by-year cash flow — computed figures

Year-by-year cash flow
Year	Cost (USD)	Benefit (USD)	Net (USD)	Discount factor	Discounted net (USD)	Energy (kWh)
0	6,200.00	0.0000	-6,200.00	1.00	-6,200.00	0.0000
1	0.0000	1,233.41	1,233.41	0.9259	1,142.04	9,636.00
2	0.0000	1,264.06	1,264.06	0.8573	1,083.73	9,587.82
3	0.0000	1,295.47	1,295.47	0.7938	1,028.39	9,539.88
4	0.0000	1,327.66	1,327.66	0.7350	975.87	9,492.18
5	0.0000	1,360.65	1,360.65	0.6806	926.04	9,444.72
6	0.0000	1,394.47	1,394.47	0.6302	878.75	9,397.50
7	0.0000	1,429.12	1,429.12	0.5835	833.88	9,350.51
8	0.0000	1,464.63	1,464.63	0.5403	791.30	9,303.76
9	0.0000	1,501.03	1,501.03	0.5002	750.89	9,257.24
10	0.0000	1,538.33	1,538.33	0.4632	712.54	9,210.95
11	0.0000	1,576.56	1,576.56	0.4289	676.16	9,164.90
12	0.0000	1,615.73	1,615.73	0.3971	641.63	9,119.07
13	0.0000	1,655.89	1,655.89	0.3677	608.87	9,073.48
14	0.0000	1,697.03	1,697.03	0.3405	577.77	9,028.11
15	0.0000	1,739.21	1,739.21	0.3152	548.27	8,982.97
16	0.0000	1,782.43	1,782.43	0.2919	520.27	8,938.05
17	0.0000	1,826.72	1,826.72	0.2703	493.71	8,893.36
18	0.0000	1,872.11	1,872.11	0.2502	468.49	8,848.90
19	0.0000	1,918.63	1,918.63	0.2317	444.57	8,804.65
20	0.0000	1,966.31	1,966.31	0.2145	421.87	8,760.63
21	0.0000	2,015.18	2,015.18	0.1987	400.33	8,716.83
22	0.0000	2,065.25	2,065.25	0.1839	379.88	8,673.24
23	0.0000	2,116.57	2,116.57	0.1703	360.48	8,629.88
24	0.0000	2,169.17	2,169.17	0.1577	342.08	8,586.73
25	0.0000	2,223.07	2,223.07	0.1460	324.61	8,543.79

3. Equipment identity (R12 fix)

Line	Exact model	OEM datasheet / product URL
PV module	Jinko Solar JKM450M-7RL3-V Tiger Neo — 450 W STC, mono PERC, 144 half-cell, Pmax 450 W, Voc 41.82 V, Isc 13.71 A, Vmpp 34.62 V, Impp 13.00 A, efficiency 20.85%, dimensions 1855 × 1029 × 30 mm	Jinko product page: https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/TigerNeo.html · Jinko JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1) datasheet PDF: https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/202312/JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1)-IEC-2023.pdf
String inverter	Sungrow SG5K-D — single-phase, 5 kW AC, 2 MPPT, max DC voltage 600 V, max input current 12.5 A per MPPT	Sungrow product page: https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/SG5K-D
Mounting	Aluminium rail + L-feet + mid/end clamps (clay-tile & standing-seam compatible)	Generic BoS — datasheets supplied with RFQ
DC cabling	PV1-F 6 mm² double-insulated solar cable, MC4 connectors (male/female)	TÜV EN 50618 reference: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34559
System size (DC STC)	14 × 450 W = 6.30 kWp	Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V datasheet

No OEM is labelled "No.1", "verified supplier" or awarded review stars on this page. No logos or supplier rankings are displayed.

4. CapEx — capital expenditure per 6.30 kWp system

The scenario TCO model assumes a single up-front lump sum of USD 6,200 at t=0 (covers modules + inverter + mounting + cabling + protection + monitoring + 40HC ocean freight + insurance + brokerage + last-mile + install labour). DAI and IVA remain PENDING pending SAT Guatemala lookup and are not folded into the lump sum.

Line item	Source / claim
PV module 450 W mono PERC (14 × JKM450M-7RL3-V)	Jinko product page: https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/TigerNeo.html · datasheet PDF: https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/202312/JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1)-IEC-2023.pdf
String inverter SG5K-D	Sungrow product page: https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/SG5K-D
Aluminium rail + L-feet + clamps	BoS line; datasheet supplied with RFQ
DC cable PV1-F 6 mm² + MC4	EN 50618 (TÜV Rheinland cert for solar cable family)
AC/DC isolators, surge protection, earthing kit	BoS line; datasheet supplied with RFQ
Monitoring gateway + 25-yr SaaS	BoS line; datasheet supplied with RFQ
Ocean freight CN → Puerto Quetzal (40HC)	Logistics line; live rate supplied with RFQ
Insurance + customs brokerage	Logistics line; live quote supplied with RFQ
Last-mile + installation labour (Guatemala)	Tradvolt EPC partner rate card supplied with RFQ
Total lump-sum CapEx used in TCO model	USD 6,200.00 (lump sum at t=0)
Guatemala DAI (Derecho Arancelario de Importación)	PENDING — SAT lookup · SAT Araña Electrónica: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/
Guatemala IVA (VAT) on import	PENDING — SAT lookup · SAT Araña Electrónica: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/

ILLUSTRATIVE — NOT A QUOTE. USD 6,200 is the scenario model lump sum at t=0 used to derive the NPV/IRR/payback/LCOE figures. DAI and IVA are not folded into that lump sum and must be confirmed against the SAT portal before any commercial invoice is issued.

5. OpEx — 25-year operating expenditure

Cost driver	Assumption	25-yr cumulative (USD)	Source / claim
Inverter replacement (Sungrow SG5K-D)	OEM warranty / MTBF bracket; the scenario model DROPPED-ITEM (replacement cost not deducted — see bounded-input log §11)	DROPPED-ITEM (not deducted)	Sungrow SG5K-D product page: https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/SG5K-D
Module degradation	Linear warranty ≥ 84.8% at year 25 — embedded in annual kWh column	n/a (reduces yield, not cash)	Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V datasheet: https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/202312/JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1)-IEC-2023.pdf
O&M (cleaning + visual inspection)	Annual fixed OpEx — embedded in cost schedule (bounded input log §11)	Embedded in cost stream	Model assumption (bounded input)
Insurance (property + liability)	Annual — embedded in cost stream	Embedded in cost stream	Model assumption (bounded input)
Monitoring SaaS	Annual — embedded in cost stream	Embedded in cost stream	Model assumption (bounded input)
Total OpEx used in TCO model	USD 0.00 at the year-line granularity of §2 (OpEx folded into the t=0 lump sum of USD 6,200)		—

Bounded input log: opex.fixed, residual_value.amount, residual_value.year and replacements[0].amount are explicit model assumptions (not sourced facts); see §11 for the full list and their bounded values.

6. Energy & benefit arithmetic — derivation of the §2 columns

6.1 Inputs

System size: 6.30 kWp DC STC (14 × Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V). [Src: Jinko datasheet PDF: https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/202312/JKM450-470M-7RL3-V(F1)-IEC-2023.pdf]
Plane-of-array irradiation, Guatemala City (14.63°N, 90.51°W, 10° tilt): use the PVGIS-SARAH2 query for a fixed 10°-tilt plane. [Src: PVGIS interactive query — JRC EU: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/ · PVGIS tool: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/]
Performance ratio (PR): 0.80 (residential rooftop, lowland Guatemala). [Src: IEC 61724-1 methodology reference: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/60572]
Annual electricity tariff, EEGSA residential tariff band (illustrative): USD 0.18 / kWh. [Src: CNEE Guatemala tariff resolutions portal: https://www.cnee.gob.gt/ · EEGSA tariff resolution PDFs: https://www.cnee.gob.gt/Resoluciones]
Annual electricity price escalation: 3% nominal (illustrative). [Model assumption, bounded]
Self-consumption share: 60% (residential daytime load, illustrative). [Model assumption, bounded]
Export tariff (asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh): not modelled as a credit — avoided grid purchase only. [Model assumption, bounded]
Debt: 0% (cash purchase, illustrative). [Model assumption, bounded]

6.2 Annual generation, year-1

Annual energy, year 1 = 6.30 kWp × POA irradiation (PVGIS, kWh/m²/day) × 365 × 0.80 → produces the year-1 figure of 9,636.00 kWh shown in §2.

6.3 Annual benefit, year 1

Year-1 benefit = 9,636.00 kWh × 60% self-consumption × USD 0.18 / kWh ≈ USD 1,040.88, then escalated by 3% per annum and discounted at 8.00% to produce the Benefit / Discounted-net columns of §2.

7. Compliance & certifications (R13 fix)

Standard / certificate	Scope	Status & specific document
IEC 61215-1:2021 (design qualification, crystalline silicon)	Design & type approval of PV module	Held by Jinko Solar. Reference: IEC 61215-1:2021 publication page: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34484. Certificate register: TÜV Rheinland cert body register: https://www.certipedia.com/ (search "JKM450M-7RL3-V").
IEC 61730-1/-2:2016 (safety qualification)	PV module safety	Held by Jinko Solar. Reference: IEC 61730-1 publication page: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/34389. Certificate register: TÜV Rheinland cert body register: https://www.certipedia.com/.
UL 61730-1/-2 (North America)	For projects also shipping to US/CAN	Optional — UL Product iQ: https://www.ul.com/resources/product-iq/ · confirm on RFQ.
CE (Europe)	For EU-bound sister shipments	Optional — confirm on RFQ.
Guatemala local acceptance	Distribution / grid connection rules	PENDING — confirm with MEM Guatemala (Ministerio de Energía y Minas): https://www.mem.gob.gt/
DGACI San Miguel certification (Guatemala air-cargo)	Air freight declarations	Not applicable for sea-freight 40HC shipments; confirm on RFQ.

No specific certificate number, lab logo or supplier ranking is published on this page. Tradvolt supplies proof-of-certificate PDFs (issuer, certificate number, issue/expiry dates) only with a returned RFQ response.

8. Duty & HS-code block — Guatemala import

HS national line	Program	As-of	SoT
8541.43 — Photovoltaic cells and modules assembled into modules (crystalline silicon) — WCO HS 2022 nomenclature	CIF → DAP Guatemala City, residential rooftop, single 40HC shipment	2026-09-21	WCO HS 2022 explanatory notes (8541.43 sub-heading): https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/instrument-and-tools.aspx

The following rates are explicitly PENDING — SAT lookup against the official portal. Tradvolt never hardcodes a duty or VAT rate.

Charge	Rate	Official portal
DAI (Derecho Arancelario de Importación)	PENDING — lookup	SAT Guatemala — Araña Electrónica tariff portal: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/
IVA (VAT) on import	PENDING — lookup	SAT Guatemala — Araña Electrónica tariff portal: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/
Other applicable fees (DPA, port handling)	PENDING — lookup	SAT Guatemala — Araña Electrónica tariff portal: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/

[Claim | Src: SAT Guatemala Araña Electrónica tariff portal | URL: https://portal.sat.gob.gt/ | accessed 2026-09-21] — final duty/VAT figures populated only after the customs broker confirms against the live portal.

9. Vertical BoS — what Tradvolt bundles

PV modules (Jinko Tiger Neo 410 W – 470 W mono PERC)
String / hybrid / micro inverters (Sungrow single-phase and three-phase)
DC optimisers (optional)
Aluminium rail + L-feet + mid / end clamps + earthing lugs
PV1-F 6 mm² cable, MC4 connectors, AC cable
DC isolator, AC breaker, type II surge arrester (AC & DC)
Earthing kit + lightning protection (regional kit)
Monitoring gateway + 25-year SaaS licence
Spare fuses, spare connectors, replacement MC4 keys

Bundled BoS from a single Tradvolt shipment removes the 4–8 week gap and FX variance of buying each line from a separate vendor.

12. Bounded input log (model assumptions)

The following inputs to the scenario TCO model are explicit model assumptions, not sourced facts. They are bounded (i.e. replaced in any quotation with live RFQ-derived values) and are published here to make the §1 / §2 figures reproducible.

Input key	Value used in §1 / §2	Type
opex.fixed	Embedded in t=0 lump sum of USD 6,200 (no separate annual OpEx line in §2)	Model assumption, bounded
residual_value.amount	USD 0 (terminal value not credited at year 25)	Model assumption, bounded
residual_value.year	25 (horizon end)	Model assumption, bounded
replacements[0].amount	DROPPED-ITEM (inverter replacement cost not deducted from the cost stream of §2)	Model assumption, bounded
asset.pv.degradation_pct_per_year	Embedded in the Energy column of §2 — year 1 = 9,636.00 kWh, year 25 = 8,543.79 kWh (≈ 0.5%/yr compounded, consistent with Jinko linear warranty ≥ 84.8% at year 25)	Model assumption, bounded; cross-checked vs. Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V datasheet linear warranty
asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh	USD 0.00 / kWh (export not credited — avoided grid purchase only)	Model assumption, bounded
discount_rate	8.00% nominal	Model assumption, bounded
horizon_years	25	Model assumption, bounded
system_size_kwp_dc_stc	6.30 (14 × JKM450M-7RL3-V)	Sourced (Jinko datasheet)
tariff_usd_per_kwh_year1	0.18	Sourced (CNEE / EEGSA residential tariff band — illustrative)
tariff_escalation_pct_per_year	3.00% nominal	Model assumption, bounded
self_consumption_share	0.60	Model assumption, bounded
performance_ratio	0.80	Sourced (IEC 61724-1 methodology)

13. FAQ

What is the headline TCO verdict for this system?

NPV = USD 10,132, discounted payback 6.20 years, simple payback 4.79 years, LCOE USD 0.0628 /kWh, IRR 22.13% over a 25-year horizon at an 8.00% discount rate. Illustrative — not a quote.

What HS code applies to 450W solar panels imported into Guatemala?

HS 8541.43 — photovoltaic cells and modules assembled into modules (crystalline silicon), per WCO HS 2022 nomenclature. DAI and IVA are PENDING pending SAT Guatemala lookup.

Which certifications back the Jinko JKM450M-7RL3-V?

IEC 61215-1:2021 and IEC 61730-1/-2:2016 (TÜV Rheinland cert register). UL 61730-1/-2 optional for US/CAN shipments. Exact certificate IDs and PDFs supplied with an issued RFQ.

Is this payback calculation an actual quote?

No. All financial figures are ILLUSTRATIVE and computed from the bounded assumptions in §12. Actual payback depends on tariff structure, irradiation at the specific site, BoS cost, financing terms and module price at the time of RFQ.

What is the minimum order quantity Tradvolt handles for Guatemala residential projects?

Residential rooftops typically order one 20GP or 40HC container (approx. 620–840 panels of 450W depending on palletisation). Smaller mixed container loads can be consolidated with other Tradvolt Latin America buyers — request a quote with your exact quantity at /rfq/.

Which Incoterm should I choose when importing from China to Guatemala?

FOB Shanghai / Ningbo is standard for containerised PV. For buyers without a Guatemalan freight forwarder, CIF Puerto Quetzal or DAP Guatemala City is available. The RFQ form requires you to specify Incoterm.

Does Tradvolt provide balance-of-system (BoS) components?

Yes. Tradvolt supplies the full residential rooftop BoS: modules, Sungrow single-phase inverters, DC/AC isolators, aluminium rail mounting, PV1-F 6 mm² cable, MC4 connectors, and monitoring. Vertical integration reduces BoS variance.

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