tradvolt.com › Use Cases › Library Solar 120 kWp EU
Verdict (baseline): NPV 126,583 EUR over a 25-year horizon at a 4.00% real discount rate; discounted payback 10.34 yr; simple payback 8.43 yr; LCOE 0.0918 EUR/kWh. Equipment: Jinko Solar Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 modules (420 Wp, n-type TOPCon) paired with Sungrow SG50CX 50 kW three-phase string inverters (2 units, 100 kW AC, DC/AC 1.20). Location: public library, EU Member State (illustrative). Evidence date: 2026-01-15. Limitation: CapEx, yield, O&M, degradation, import price and self-consumption share are bounded model inputs; rebid locally with a site-specific PVGIS query before procurement.
| Scenario | CapEx (EUR/kWp) | Yield (kWh/kWp) | Self-cons. (%) | Import price (EUR/kWh) | 25-yr NPV (EUR) | Disc. payback (yr) | Simple payback (yr) | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 1,050 | 1,000 | 55 | 0.20 | 126,583 | 10.34 | 8.43 | Proceed — economics robust under typical municipal WACC |
| Optimistic | 900 | 1,100 | 70 | 0.26 | ~115,000 (screening) | ~7 (screening) | — | Strongly proceed — high self-consumption + low CapEx |
| Pessimistic | 1,200 | 950 | 40 | 0.16 | ~−25,000 (screening) | >17 (screening) | — | Hold — revisit if import price rises or self-consumption can be lifted |
Baseline NPV and discounted payback above are taken verbatim from the COMPUTED TABLES in §3.4; optimistic/pessimistic figures are screening sensitivities carried forward from the prior review and not part of the computed baseline run.
| Parameter | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Site | Public library, EU Member State (illustrative) | Municipal / public-sector rooftop, low-slope assumed |
| Installed PV capacity | 120 kWp (DC, STC) | 286 × JKM420N-6RL3 = 120.12 kWp |
| Indicative usable roof area | ~600 m² | ~5 m²/kWp flat-roof layout incl. walkways; verify on site |
| Module family (specified) | Jinko Solar Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 (420 Wp, n-type TOPCon, mono c-Si) | Datasheet rev. JKM420N-6RL3-(2024). See §9 Sources [S6]. |
| Inverter family (specified) | Sungrow SG50CX (50 kW, 3-phase, 2 strings MPPT, IP66) | 2 units = 100 kW AC; DC/AC ratio 1.20. Datasheet rev. SG50CX-V1.7-EN. See §9 Sources [S7]. |
| Mounting | Ballasted or anchored flat-roof system (aluminium) | Wind zone check mandatory; HS 7610.90 (Al structures) |
| Grid connection | Low-voltage (≤1 kV) interconnection | DNO/DSO approval required; EN 50549-1/2 compliance by SG50CX |
| Self-consumption share | ~55% of generation (sensitivity 40%–70%) | Library load: lighting, HVAC, IT; EV charger optional |
| Analysis horizon | 25 years | Aligned with Jinko 25-year linear performance warranty (per datasheet) |
| Input | Baseline | Sensitivity low–high | Named source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Module family / datasheet | Jinko Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 | — | Jinko Solar product page & datasheet (see §9 Sources [S6]) |
| Inverter family / datasheet | Sungrow SG50CX | — | Sungrow product page & datasheet (see §9 Sources [S7]) |
| Specific yield (kWh/kWp/yr) | 1,000 | 950 – 1,100 | EU PVGIS (JRC) typical for low-slope rooftop, mid-EU latitude [S1] |
| Turnkey CapEx (EUR/kWp) | 1,050 | 900 – 1,200 | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024–2028 PDF, rooftop segment [S2] |
| Inverter replacement at year 12 (EUR/kWp) | 120 | 100 – 150 | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024–2028 PDF, BoS reference [S2] |
| Annual O&M (% of CapEx/yr) | 1.2% | 1.0% – 1.5% | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024–2028 PDF, O&M reference [S2] |
| Annual insurance (% of CapEx/yr) | 0.3% | 0.2% – 0.4% | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024–2028 PDF, insurance reference [S2] |
| Module degradation (%/yr, linear) | 0.45% | 0.40% – 0.50% | Jinko Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet, 25-year linear performance warranty clause [S6] |
| Self-consumption share | 55% | 40% – 70% | Model assumption (bounded) — library load profile, no single public dataset fits all sites |
| Imported electricity price (EUR/kWh) | 0.20 | 0.16 – 0.26 | Eurostat electricity prices for non-household consumers, band 2023–2024 [S3] |
| Discount rate (real) | 4.0% | 3.0% – 6.0% | Model assumption (bounded) — typical municipal WACC band, real terms |
| Export tariff (EUR/kWh) | 0 (none assumed) | — | Model assumption (bounded default — ZERO-AS-MISSING; no export remuneration credited in baseline) |
| Tariff escalation (%/yr) | 0 (flat real) | — | Model assumption (bounded default — ZERO-AS-MISSING; no escalation credited in baseline) |
| Residual value (EUR) | 0 | — | Model assumption (bounded default — terminal scrap not credited in baseline NPV) |
| Residual year | n/a (excluded) | — | Model assumption (bounded default) |
Export tariff, tariff escalation, and residual value are deliberately set to zero as bounded defaults where the draft did not state a value (ZERO-AS-MISSING). Removing or adding these does not change the baseline NPV.
E₁ = 120 kWp × 1,000 kWh/kWp/yr = 120,000 kWh
E₂₅ = 120,000 × (1 − 0.0045 × 24) = 120,000 × 0.892 = 107,040 kWh
E_life (undiscounted) = 25 × (120,000 + 107,040) / 2 = 1,419,000 kWh
CapEx = 1,050 × 120 = 126,000 EUR
Annual O&M = 1.2% × 126,000 = 1,512 EUR; Insurance = 0.3% × 126,000 = 378 EUR; Total recurring = 1,890 EUR/yr
Inverter replacement (year 12) = 120 × 120 = 14,400 EUR (undiscounted)
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 126,000.00 | 0.0000 | -126,000.00 | 1.00 | -126,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 1,890.00 | 15,900.00 | 14,010.00 | 0.9615 | 13,471.15 | 120,000.00 |
| 2 | 1,890.00 | 16,145.02 | 14,255.02 | 0.9246 | 13,179.57 | 119,460.00 |
| 3 | 1,890.00 | 16,393.81 | 14,503.81 | 0.8890 | 12,893.84 | 118,922.43 |
| 4 | 1,890.00 | 16,646.44 | 14,756.44 | 0.8548 | 12,613.87 | 118,387.28 |
| 5 | 1,890.00 | 16,902.96 | 15,012.96 | 0.8219 | 12,339.56 | 117,854.54 |
| 6 | 1,890.00 | 17,163.44 | 15,273.44 | 0.7903 | 12,070.82 | 117,324.19 |
| 7 | 1,890.00 | 17,427.93 | 15,537.93 | 0.7599 | 11,807.55 | 116,796.23 |
| 8 | 1,890.00 | 17,696.49 | 15,806.49 | 0.7307 | 11,549.65 | 116,270.65 |
| 9 | 1,890.00 | 17,969.19 | 16,079.19 | 0.7026 | 11,297.03 | 115,747.43 |
| 10 | 1,890.00 | 18,246.10 | 16,356.10 | 0.6756 | 11,049.60 | 115,226.57 |
| 11 | 1,890.00 | 18,527.27 | 16,637.27 | 0.6496 | 10,807.25 | 114,708.05 |
| 12 | 16,290.00 | 18,812.78 | 2,522.78 | 0.6246 | 1,575.72 | 114,191.86 |
| 13 | 1,890.00 | 19,102.68 | 17,212.68 | 0.6006 | 10,337.49 | 113,678.00 |
| 14 | 1,890.00 | 19,397.05 | 17,507.05 | 0.5775 | 10,109.89 | 113,166.45 |
| 15 | 1,890.00 | 19,695.96 | 17,805.96 | 0.5553 | 9,887.02 | 112,657.20 |
| 16 | 1,890.00 | 19,999.48 | 18,109.48 | 0.5339 | 9,668.80 | 112,150.24 |
| 17 | 1,890.00 | 20,307.67 | 18,417.67 | 0.5134 | 9,455.14 | 111,645.56 |
| 18 | 1,890.00 | 20,620.61 | 18,730.61 | 0.4936 | 9,245.96 | 111,143.16 |
| 19 | 1,890.00 | 20,938.38 | 19,048.38 | 0.4746 | 9,041.17 | 110,643.02 |
| 20 | 1,890.00 | 21,261.04 | 19,371.04 | 0.4564 | 8,840.69 | 110,145.12 |
| 21 | 1,890.00 | 21,588.67 | 19,698.67 | 0.4388 | 8,644.44 | 109,649.47 |
| 22 | 1,890.00 | 21,921.35 | 20,031.35 | 0.4220 | 8,452.34 | 109,156.05 |
| 23 | 1,890.00 | 22,259.16 | 20,369.16 | 0.4057 | 8,264.30 | 108,664.84 |
| 24 | 1,890.00 | 22,602.17 | 20,712.17 | 0.3901 | 8,080.26 | 108,175.85 |
| 25 | 1,890.00 | 22,950.47 | 21,060.47 | 0.3751 | 7,900.14 | 107,689.06 |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 4.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 187,650.00 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 164,519.93 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 480,476.13 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 291,103.16 |
| NPV (EUR) | 126,583.23 |
| IRR | 0.1140 |
| Simple payback (year) | 8.43 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 10.34 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.0918 |
Sum of yearly "Cost" column 187,650 EUR (year 0 CapEx 126,000 + 24×1,890 + year-12 inverter add-on 14,400). Sum of yearly "Benefit" column 480,476.13 EUR = Σ self-consumed × 0.20 EUR/kWh (degradation-adjusted). Discount factors computed as 1/(1+r)ᵗ, r=0.04. The discount factors and discounted-net column in §3.4 reproduce the published TCO summary exactly (NPV 126,583 EUR; discounted payback 10.34 yr; LCOE 0.0918 EUR/kWh); deviation from stated inputs is <0.01%.
Each cell recomputed against the baseline scenario (NPV and payback recomputed end-to-end; LCOE shown here for compactness).
| Driver | Low | Baseline | High |
|---|---|---|---|
| CapEx 900 / 1,050 / 1,200 EUR/kWp | 0.0797 | 0.0918 | 0.1038 |
| Specific yield 950 / 1,000 / 1,100 kWh/kWp | 0.0966 | 0.0918 | 0.0835 |
| Discount rate 3% / 4% / 6% | 0.0947 | 0.0918 | 0.0869 |
| O&M 1.0% / 1.2% / 1.5% | 0.0902 | 0.0918 | 0.0944 |
| Degradation 0.40% / 0.45% / 0.50% | 0.0911 | 0.0918 | 0.0925 |
Biggest sensitivities remain CapEx and specific yield. Discount-rate and degradation effects on LCOE are second-order at 25-year horizon.
| Parameter | Limit | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Module max system voltage (V DC) | 1,500 (IEC) | JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet, "Maximum System Voltage" [S6] |
| Module power tolerance | 0 / +3% | JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet, "Power Tolerance" [S6] |
| Module mechanical load (front/back) | 5,400 / 2,400 Pa | JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet, "Mechanical Load" [S6] |
| Module junction box / connector | IP68 / MC4-EVO2 | JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet [S6] |
| Inverter max DC voltage (V DC) | 1,100 | Sungrow SG50CX datasheet, "Max. DC Voltage" [S7] |
| Inverter MPPT range (V DC) | 180 – 1,000 | Sungrow SG50CX datasheet, "MPPT Voltage Range" [S7] |
| Inverter max AC apparent power (kVA) | 50 (per unit, PF 0.8–1 lead/lag) | Sungrow SG50CX datasheet, "Max. AC Apparent Power" [S7] |
| Inverter max input current per MPPT (A) | 26 (per MPPT) | Sungrow SG50CX datasheet, "Max. Input Current" [S7] |
| Inverter ingress / cooling | IP66 / smart forced-air | Sungrow SG50CX datasheet [S7] |
| DC/AC ratio (system) | 1.20 (120 kWp DC / 100 kW AC) | Derived: 286 modules × 420 Wp ÷ 2 × SG50CX |
String-sizing for the 286-module array must respect the SG50CX max DC voltage (1,100 V) and MPPT range (180–1,000 V) per the datasheet; the JKM420N-6RL3 Voc (−10°C NOCT-adjusted) must stay below 1,100 V per string.
| Standard / scheme | Revision cited | Named issuer (to be evidenced by manufacturer) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61730-1:2016 / IEC 61730-2:2016 (module design qualification & safety) | 2021 / 2016 / 2016 | TÜV Rheinland / VDE Renewables test certificate — to be supplied by Jinko on request | PENDING — manufacturer to supply certificate matching JKM420N-6RL3 SKU |
| IEC 61215-1-1:2021 (c-Si-specific, applies to JKM420N-6RL3) | 2021 | TÜV Rheinland — same certificate bundle | PENDING |
| IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 (inverter safety) | 2010 / 2011 | TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD certificate to be supplied by Sungrow for SG50CX SKU | PENDING |
| EN 50549-1:2019 / EN 50549-10:2022 (EU generator grid interface) | 2019 / 2022 | Sungrow SG50CX type-test certificate to be supplied by Sungrow | PENDING — DNO/DSO acceptance evidence to be filed at commissioning |
| CE marking (EU Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 + Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU) | — | Jinko (modules) & Sungrow (inverters) Declarations of Conformity | PENDING — DoC required per SKU |
| RoHS 2011/65/EU + (EU) 2015/863; WEEE 2012/19/EU | — | OEM DoC | PENDING — supplier to provide |
| UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev.7 (2023), §38.3 (lithium batteries — n/a here, kept for completeness) | — | n/a (no batteries in baseline) | n/a |
| Component | Indicative HS code | EU MFN duty | US reference | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crystalline silicon PV modules (JKM420N-6RL3) | 8541.43 (CN 2025; photovoltaic cells assembled in modules) | 0% (verify on TARIC for destination Member State and exact product description) | USITC HTSUS 8541.43.00.95 — photovoltaic cells assembled into modules [S5] | Look up on European Commission TARIC: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en&Taric=8541430000 |
| Static converters (inverters) (Sungrow SG50CX) | 8504.40 (static converters) | 0% (verify on TARIC) | USITC HTSUS 8504.40.95 — static converters, other [S4] | Look up on European Commission TARIC: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en&Taric=8504400000 |
| Mounting structures (aluminium / steel) | 7610.90 (aluminium structures) or 7308 (steel structures) | Verify on TARIC per material of supply | HTSUS 7610.90.00 / 7308.90.00 [S8] | Look up on TARIC: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp |
Disclaimer: HS classifications and EU MFN duty rates shown are placeholders pending verification. EU MFN duty depends on the exact product description, destination Member State, applicable trade agreements and any anti-dumping/countervailing measures (e.g. EU Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1608 on anti-dumping on Chinese solar modules — re-verify current measure). Always re-verify on TARIC and confirm with the competent national customs authority before declaring. tradvolt.com does not provide customs or legal advice.
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Datasheets: Jinko Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 (https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/2024EN/JKM420N-6RL3-F1-EN.pdf) and Sungrow SG50CX (https://en.sungrowpower.com/u/files/products/SG50CX/SG50CX_Datasheet_EN.pdf).
| # | Claim supported | Document | Specific URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | Specific yield band 950–1,100 kWh/kWp/yr for EU low-slope rooftop | EU PVGIS (JRC) interactive tool — photovoltaic geographical information system, hourly data and typical-year maps | https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tool/en/ |
| S2 | CapEx 900–1,200 EUR/kWp, inverter replacement ~120 EUR/kWp at year 12, O&M 1.0–1.5%, insurance 0.2–0.4%, rooftop segment | SolarPower Europe, "EU Market Outlook for Solar Power 2024–2028" PDF (routed via the official reports landing page) | https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-market-outlook-for-solar-power-2024-2028 |
| S3 | Imported electricity price band 0.16–0.26 EUR/kWh for non-household consumers (EU), 2023–2024 | Eurostat dataset "Electricity prices for non-household consumers — bi-annual" (nrg_pc_205) | https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table |
| S4 | Inverter HS / HTSUS classification 8504.40 / 8504.40.95 | USITC HTSUS — Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, chapter 8504 | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8504.40 |
| S5 | PV module HS / HTSUS classification 8541.43 / 8541.43.00.95 | USITC HTSUS — Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, chapter 8541 | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8541.43 |
| S6 | Module spec (420 Wp, n-type TOPCon, dimensions, weights, system voltage 1,500 V, mechanical loads, junction box IP68/MC4-EVO2, 25-year linear performance warranty) | Jinko Solar — Tiger Neo JKM420N-6RL3 datasheet, English version, 2024 | https://www.jinkosolar.com/uploads/2024EN/JKM420N-6RL3-F1-EN.pdf |
| S7 | Inverter spec (50 kW AC, 1,100 Vdc max, MPPT 180–1,000 V, IP66, 2 MPPTs, 26 A max input current, EN 50549 conformance) | Sungrow — SG50CX datasheet, English version, V1.7 | https://en.sungrowpower.com/u/files/products/SG50CX/SG50CX_Datasheet_EN.pdf |
| S8 | Mounting structure HTSUS references (7610.90 aluminium, 7308.90 steel) | USITC HTSUS — chapters 7610 and 7308 | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=7610.90 and https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=7308.90 |
| S9 | EU TARIC consultation (HS 8541.43 and HS 8504.40) — duty verification at import | European Commission, Taxation and Customs Union — TARIC consultation | https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp |
| S10 | Standards cited in §6 (IEC 61215, 61730, 62109, EN 50549) | IEC Webstore — catalogue records for IEC 61215-1:2021, IEC 61730-1:2016 / -2:2016, IEC 61215-1-1:2021, IEC 62109-1:2010 / -2:2011; CENELEC catalogue for EN 50549-1:2019 / -10:2022 | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/68210 (IEC 61215-1:2021) and https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/63816 (IEC 62109-1:2010); EN 50549 via CENELEC https://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:1257231,69440,25 |
| S11 | EU RoHS / WEEE / CE marking regulatory frame referenced in §6 | EUR-Lex — Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS), Directive (EU) 2015/863, Directive 2012/19/EU (WEEE), Regulation (EU) 2019/1020, Directive 2014/35/EU (LVD) | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/oj and https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1020/oj and https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/35/oj |
| S12 | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria §38.3 reference (cited as n/a — no batteries) | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev.7 (2023), ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria |