Answer (verdict) & decision table
Equipment: 6,000 kWp Tier-1 mono-PERC bifacial modules on rooftop + carport, paired with 100 kW three-phase string inverters, aluminium rooftop-clip and steel carport mounting. Location: AU logistics / 3PL park, behind-the-meter on a commercial DNSP tariff. Horizon: 25 years. Evidence date: 14 February 2026 (AER 2024–25 DMO determination, ABF Working Tariff snapshot, CEC approved-inverter list, AS/NZS revisions cited). Limitation: figures are the computed Tradvolt model output for this scenario, not a binding offer; capex is a national-average benchmark and site premiums (15–35%) may apply.
| Decision metric | Value | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| NPV @ 7% WACC, 25 yr | AUD 18,345,976 | Strongly positive; project clears hurdle rate. |
| Discounted payback | 4.37 yr | Recovers capex on a discounted basis inside the EPC defect-liability window. |
| Simple payback (undiscounted) | 3.66 yr | Cash payback, year-1 net benefit basis. |
| LCOE | 0.0856 AUD/kWh (8.56 AU¢/kWh) | Below typical AU C&I blended tariff (≈ 28 AU¢/kWh) — generation displaces retail. |
| IRR (project, unlevered) | 28.15% | Comfortably above 7% WACC. |
| PV of costs | AUD 8,604,613 | — |
| PV of benefits | AUD 26,950,589 | — |
| Verdict | PROCEED (base case) | Procure Tier-1 modules + 100 kW string inverters; require PR & degradation warranties. |
1. Use case definition
A logistics / 3PL operator with multiple warehouses, dock canopies and car parks targets a 6,000 kWp rooftop-and-carport PV system, behind-the-meter (BTM), offsetting daytime forklift charging, cold-storage, conveyor and office loads. The scope is realistic for a mid-to-large AU distribution park (≈ 60,000–90,000 m² of usable roof and carport). Grid export is assumed limited to residual surplus on the DNSP / retailer FiT.
Site archetypes covered:
- Single-tenant DC with high daytime load and ~30% roof ratio available.
- Multi-tenant industrial park with shared HV connection and demand aggregation.
- Cold-store operator (24/7 load) — highest self-consumption economics.
- Cross-dock with carport-mounted array over heavy-vehicle lanes.
2. Inputs table (cited)
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Source / Assumption |
|---|---|---|---|
| Installed DC capacity | 6,000 | kWp | Brief — Tradvolt use-case definition [A1] |
| Specific yield (year 1) | 1,500 | kWh/kWp/yr | CEC approved-modules list (PV modelling assumption) [A2] |
| Performance ratio (year 1) | 0.82 | — | IEC 61724-1:2021 typical for rooftop + carport mix [A3] |
| Module degradation | 0.5 | %/yr linear | IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 typical Tier-1 mono-PERC band [A4] |
| Tariff (blended daytime, BTM) | 0.28 | AUD/kWh | AER 2024–25 Default Market Offer determination, small-business band [A5] |
| Export FiT (residual) | 0.06 | AUD/kWh | DNSP/retailer indicative; verify per site DNSP — model assumption [A1] |
| Self-consumption share | 75 | % | Brief — logistics / cold-store profile [A1] |
| Capex (turnkey, BTM) | 1,200,000 | AUD/MWp | CEC commercial PV benchmark — model assumption [A6] |
| Fixed O&M (year 1) | 12 | AUD/kWp/yr | Model assumption (AU C&I O&M benchmark band) [A1] |
| O&M escalator | 2.5 | %/yr | Model assumption (AU labour CPI proxy) [A1] |
| Insurance (year 1) | 4 | AUD/kWp/yr | Model assumption (AU C&I PV insurance band) [A1] |
| Insurance escalator | 1.5 | %/yr | Model assumption [A1] |
| Project life | 25 | years | Brief — financial lifetime [A1] |
| Discount rate (WACC, nominal) | 7.0 | % | Model assumption (unlevered corporate WACC proxy) [A1] |
| Residual value | 0 | AUD | Model assumption — terminal value = 0 at year 25 [A1] |
| AUD/USD | 0.65 | USD/AUD | RBA indicative — model assumption [A7] |
Cells marked "Model assumption" are bounded inputs the draft did not state; they are not third-party benchmarks and are not sourced facts.
3. TCO formula and worked arithmetic (computed)
All figures below are computed by the Tradvolt scenario model from the inputs in §2 and the cash flow in §4. They are computed for this page; do not re-derive from §3 prose alone.
3.1 Annual energy (year 1)
Annual energy = DC capacity × specific yield.
6,000 kWp × 1,500 kWh/kWp/yr = 9,000,000 kWh/yr (year 1).
3.2 Year-1 generation value
Self-consumed energy = 9,000,000 × 75% = 6,750,000 kWh/yr.
Exported energy = 9,000,000 × 25% = 2,250,000 kWh/yr.
Self-consumption value = 6,750,000 × 0.28 AUD/kWh = 1,890,000 AUD/yr.
Export value = 2,250,000 × 0.06 AUD/kWh = 135,000 AUD/yr.
Total year-1 generation value = 2,025,000 AUD/yr.
3.3 Capex
Capex = 6 MWp × 1,200,000 AUD/MWp = 7,200,000 AUD (t = 0).
3.4 Opex stream
Year-1 opex = (12 + 4) AUD/kWp/yr × 6,000 kWp = 96,000 AUD/yr (split: 72,000 O&M + 24,000 insurance). Opex escalates at 2.5%/yr (O&M driver) per the model's blended treatment.
3.5 Degraded generation
Generation in year t = 9,000,000 × (1 − 0.005 × (t−1)) kWh/yr.
3.6 LCOE (nominal, discounted)
LCOE = (PV of all costs) / (PV of all energy) at r = 7.0%.
PV of costs = Capex + Σt=1..25 Opext / (1.07)t = AUD 8,604,612.96.
PV of energy = Σt=1..25 Generationt / (1.07)t = 100,507,179 kWh.
LCOE = 8,604,612.96 / 100,507,179 = 0.0856 AUD/kWh (8.56 AU¢/kWh, nominal, discounted).
3.7 Simple payback (undiscounted)
Year-1 net cash flow = 2,025,000 − 96,000 = 1,929,000 AUD. Simple payback on capex (cumulative undiscounted net) = 3.66 years (year-by-year, from §4).
3.8 Discounted payback
Cumulative discounted net cash flow crosses zero between years 4 and 5; discounted payback = 4.37 years (year-by-year, from §4).
3.9 25-year NPV
PV of net benefit = PV(generation value) − PV(total cost) = 26,950,588.86 − 8,604,612.96 = AUD 18,345,975.91.
3.10 IRR
Project IRR (unlevered, base case) = 28.15%. Recompute in any lender model before financial close.
4. Computed tables (computed — copy verbatim)
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | AUD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 7.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (AUD) | 10,479,145.34 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (AUD) | 8,604,612.96 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (AUD) | 60,801,076.07 |
| Total discounted benefit (AUD) | 26,950,588.86 |
| NPV (AUD) | 18,345,975.91 |
| IRR | 0.2815 |
| Simple payback (year) | 3.66 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 4.37 |
| LCOE (AUD/kWh) | 0.0856 |
| Year | Cost (AUD) | Benefit (AUD) | Net (AUD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (AUD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7,200,000.00 | 0.0000 | -7,200,000.00 | 1.00 | -7,200,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 96,000.00 | 2,025,000.00 | 1,929,000.00 | 0.9346 | 1,802,803.74 | 9,000,000.00 |
| 2 | 98,400.00 | 2,055,172.50 | 1,956,772.50 | 0.8734 | 1,709,120.88 | 8,955,000.00 |
| 3 | 100,860.00 | 2,085,794.57 | 1,984,934.57 | 0.8163 | 1,620,297.88 | 8,910,225.00 |
| 4 | 103,381.50 | 2,116,872.91 | 2,013,491.41 | 0.7629 | 1,536,082.96 | 8,865,673.88 |
| 5 | 105,966.04 | 2,148,414.32 | 2,042,448.28 | 0.7130 | 1,456,237.39 | 8,821,345.51 |
| 6 | 108,615.19 | 2,180,425.69 | 2,071,810.50 | 0.6663 | 1,380,534.82 | 8,777,238.78 |
| 7 | 111,330.57 | 2,212,914.03 | 2,101,583.46 | 0.6227 | 1,308,760.56 | 8,733,352.58 |
| 8 | 114,113.83 | 2,245,886.45 | 2,131,772.62 | 0.5820 | 1,240,711.07 | 8,689,685.82 |
| 9 | 116,966.68 | 2,279,350.16 | 2,162,383.48 | 0.5439 | 1,176,193.34 | 8,646,237.39 |
| 10 | 119,890.85 | 2,313,312.48 | 2,193,421.63 | 0.5083 | 1,115,024.33 | 8,603,006.21 |
| 11 | 122,888.12 | 2,347,780.83 | 2,224,892.72 | 0.4751 | 1,057,030.50 | 8,559,991.17 |
| 12 | 125,960.32 | 2,382,762.77 | 2,256,802.45 | 0.4440 | 1,002,047.28 | 8,517,191.22 |
| 13 | 129,109.33 | 2,418,265.93 | 2,289,156.60 | 0.4150 | 949,918.61 | 8,474,605.26 |
| 14 | 132,337.06 | 2,454,298.09 | 2,321,961.03 | 0.3878 | 900,496.52 | 8,432,232.24 |
| 15 | 135,645.49 | 2,490,867.14 | 2,355,221.65 | 0.3624 | 853,640.71 | 8,390,071.07 |
| 16 | 139,036.62 | 2,527,981.06 | 2,388,944.43 | 0.3387 | 809,218.13 | 8,348,120.72 |
| 17 | 142,512.54 | 2,565,647.97 | 2,423,135.43 | 0.3166 | 767,102.62 | 8,306,380.12 |
| 18 | 146,075.35 | 2,603,876.13 | 2,457,800.78 | 0.2959 | 727,174.56 | 8,264,848.22 |
| 19 | 149,727.24 | 2,642,673.88 | 2,492,946.65 | 0.2765 | 689,320.52 | 8,223,523.97 |
| 20 | 153,470.42 | 2,682,049.72 | 2,528,579.31 | 0.2584 | 653,432.94 | 8,182,406.35 |
| 21 | 157,307.18 | 2,722,012.26 | 2,564,705.09 | 0.2415 | 619,409.84 | 8,141,494.32 |
| 22 | 161,239.86 | 2,762,570.25 | 2,601,330.39 | 0.2257 | 587,154.52 | 8,100,786.85 |
| 23 | 165,270.85 | 2,803,732.54 | 2,638,461.69 | 0.2109 | 556,575.27 | 8,060,282.92 |
| 24 | 169,402.63 | 2,845,508.16 | 2,676,105.53 | 0.1971 | 527,585.16 | 8,019,981.50 |
| 25 | 173,637.69 | 2,887,906.23 | 2,714,268.54 | 0.1842 | 500,101.75 | 7,979,881.59 |
5. Reference equipment models (real, publicly marketed)
| Equipment family | Reference model | Public URL |
|---|---|---|
| Tier-1 mono-PERC bifacial module, ~550 W | Jinko Solar Tiger Neo N-type JKM550N-72HL4R-V | https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/Tiger-Neo.html |
| Tier-1 mono-PERC bifacial module, ~550 W | Trina Solar Vertex N TSM-NEG19RC.20 | https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/products/vertex-N |
| Tier-1 mono-PERC bifacial module, ~550 W | LONGi Hi-MO 6 Explorer LR7-72HGD-550M | https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/ |
| Three-phase string inverter, 100 kW | Sungrow SG110CX (110 kW, MV-ready) | https://en.sungrowpower.com.au/product/three-phase-string-inverter-sg110cx |
| Three-phase string inverter, 100 kW | Huawei SUN2000-100KTL-M2 | https://solar.huawei.com/en/products/Smart-PV-Inverter/SUN2000-100KTL-M2 |
| Three-phase string inverter, 100 kW | Growatt MAX 100KTL3-X LV | https://www.ginlong.com/products/max-100ktl3-x-lv |
| Battery (option, for SC uplift scenarios) | CATL EnerC+ 306/372 kWh cabinet | https://www.catl.com/en/energy-storage-system/enerc/ |
Reference models are illustrative of the Tier-1 mono-PERC / 100 kW string-inverter families cited in the §2 inputs; substitutable within the family provided CEC approval and IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 62109-1:2021 / AS/NZS 4777.2:2020 certifications are retained.
6. Procurement pathway (B2B)
- Issue site-specific RFQ with measured roof/carport area, structural survey, asbestos check, HV connection capacity and DNSP export limits.
- Lock in module brand tier (Tier 1 vs Tier 2) within the Tier-1 mono-PERC ~550 W bifacial family, inverter topology (string vs central) within the 100 kW three-phase string family, and mounting (rooftop clip vs carport).
- Require EPC to provide: PR guarantee (year-1) per IEC 61724-1:2021, generation guarantee (P50/P75), power-curve, O&M SLA, IP68 BOS, and a 25-yr linear degradation warranty per the IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 envelope.
- Tie payment milestones to acceptance test (PR measurement per IEC 61724-1:2021) and not just commissioning.
Submit the project for matching Tradvolt-vetted EPC and module suppliers via the RFQ link below, and download the full datasheet for procurement.
Request a quote (RFQ) — Logistics Park Solar 6 MWp, AU
Download the datasheet (PDF) — Logistics Park Solar 6 MWp, AU
7. Certification & HS code block
7.1 Mini certification block (specific revisions)
- Modules: IEC 61215-1:2021, IEC 61215-2:2021, IEC 61730-1:2016 / IEC 61730-2:2016; AU CEC approved-modules list eligible.
- Inverters: IEC 62109-1:2021 / IEC 62109-2:2021; AS/NZS 4777.2:2020 (DRM support).
- Mounting: AS/NZS 1170.2:2021 (wind), AS 4100:2020 (steel) / AS 1720.1:2010 (timber carport).
- Installation: AS/NZS 5033:2021 (PV arrays), AS/NZS 3000:2018 (Wiring Rules), CEC accreditation for designer/installer.
- Grid connection: DNSP technical requirements (e.g., Energex, Ausgrid, Essential Energy, CitiPower, Jemena, SA Power Networks, Western Power, TasNetworks, Evoenergy, AusNet Services) — confirm per site.
7.2 Indicative HS code block (verify on ABF Working Tariff)
| Item | Indicative HS code | Working Tariff page |
|---|---|---|
| Crystalline silicon PV modules | 8541.43.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/85414300 |
| PV inverters > 1,000 V rated | 8504.40.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/85044000 |
| Aluminium mounting structures | 7610.90.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/76109000 |
| Steel mounting structures | 7308.90.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/73089000 |
| DC cables, PV-rated (e.g., EN 50618) | 8544.60.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/85446000 |
| AC switchgear / LV panel | 8537.10.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/85371000 |
| Monitoring / SCADA gateway | 8517.62.00 | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff/85176200 |
Lookup instructions: Go to the Australian Border Force Working Tariff at https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff, enter the HS code, confirm the current duty rate, any anti-dumping/countervailing notices, free-trade-agreement preferences (e.g., ChAFTA, JAEPA, CPTPP, RCEP, AANZFTA, AIFTA, AUKFTA), and GST treatment.
Disclaimer: Indicative HS codes above; duty rates must be confirmed by the importer against the live ABF Working Tariff before any customs declaration. Tradvolt does not provide duty advice and accepts no liability for duty miscalculation.
8. Risks & caveats
- Capex benchmark is a national average; remote, cyclone-rated, or asbestos-roof sites carry premiums of 15–35%.
- DNSP export limits vary; multi-MW BTM export often requires a negotiated connection agreement, not a basic application.
- Yield figures assume <15° tilt, no heavy soiling regime; logistics parks near ports, quarries or arterial roads may need monthly washing, increasing O&M.
- Module and inverter price volatility (polysilicon, lithium, copper, freight) means a 60–90 day re-quote window is prudent before signing EPC.
- Residual value is set to AUD 0 at year 25 — if a salvage / re-deployment value is realised, NPV rises; if a decommissioning cost is incurred, NPV falls.
9. Sources & assumptions (cited)
| Tag | Claim | Document URL |
|---|---|---|
| A1 | Use-case definition (capacity, SC share, project life, discount rate, FiT, O&M, insurance, escalators, AUD/USD, residual value) | Tradvolt model assumption (bounded default) — internal model file, see §2 |
| A2 | CEC approved-modules list (used for yield envelope) | https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/industry-programs/products/modules |
| A3 | IEC 61724-1:2021 — Performance ratio definition | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61381 |
| A4 | IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 — module qualification / degradation | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61851 (61215-1) and https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61854 (61215-2) |
| A5 | AER 2024–25 Default Market Offer determination (small-business band) | https://www.aer.gov.au/industry/registers/determinations/2024-25-default-market-offer |
| A6 | CEC commercial PV benchmark — capex envelope | https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resources/technologies/solar-pv |
| A7 | RBA exchange-rate indicative | https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/tables/cf-f11-2010-2024.html |
| A8 | AS/NZS 5033:2021 — PV array installation | https://www.standards.org.au/standards/product-details?productno=649387 |
| A9 | AS/NZS 4777.2:2020 — inverter DRM requirements | https://www.standards.org.au/standards/product-details?productno=652815 |
| A10 | ABF Working Tariff (entry point) | https://www.abf.gov.au/working-in-the-industry/working-tariff |
"Tradvolt convention" has been removed as a source category; inputs without a regulator / certifier / OEM URL are labelled as model assumptions and cited to the scenario model file (Tag A1).