Verdict: Baseline LCOE = 0.0807 EUR/kWh vs Eurostat EU-27 industrial grid price 0.180 EUR/kWh; NPV = EUR 9,206,103; discounted payback = 8.21 years; simple payback = 6.39 years; IRR = 15.99 %. Across every sensitivity cell the directional verdict is "Procure across all sensitivity cells." Equipment: 8 MWp logistics-roof PV (DC). Location: EU mid-latitude, logistics-roof tilt ~10°. Horizon: 25 years. Discount rate: 6.00 %. Evidence date: 2026-01-15. Limitation: financial figures below are computed from the computed TradVolt TCO model; market inputs are bound to the cited sources dated Q2-2024 (capex/opex) and H2-2023 (grid price).
| Metric | Value | vs Threshold | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| LCOE | 0.0807 EUR/kWh | Grid 0.180 EUR/kWh | Procure |
| NPV (25 yr) | EUR 9,206,102.64 | > 0 | Procure |
| IRR | 15.99 % | > WACC 6.00 % | Procure |
| Discounted payback | 8.21 yr | < 25 yr horizon | Procure |
| Simple payback | 6.39 yr | < 12 yr target | Procure |
| Saving vs grid | ~55 % | — | Procure |
computed output of the computed TradVolt TCO model for the baseline scenario (8 MWp DC, EU mid-latitude, 25-year horizon, 6.00 % discount rate).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 6.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 10,879,145.34 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 9,158,034.92 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 37,633,751.29 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 18,364,137.56 |
| NPV (EUR) | 9,206,102.64 |
| IRR | 0.1599 |
| Simple payback (year) | 6.39 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 8.21 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.0807 |
computed model output: capex 7,600,000 EUR at year 0; lifetime kWh production; annual cost and benefit streams; discounted net.
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7,600,000.00 | 0.0000 | -7,600,000.00 | 1.00 | -7,600,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 96,000.00 | 1,237,400.00 | 1,141,400.00 | 0.9434 | 1,076,792.45 | 9,200,000.00 |
| 2 | 98,400.00 | 1,257,099.41 | 1,158,699.41 | 0.8900 | 1,031,238.35 | 9,163,200.00 |
| 3 | 100,860.00 | 1,277,112.43 | 1,176,252.43 | 0.8396 | 987,604.22 | 9,126,547.20 |
| 4 | 103,381.50 | 1,297,444.06 | 1,194,062.56 | 0.7921 | 945,809.39 | 9,090,041.01 |
| 5 | 105,966.04 | 1,318,099.37 | 1,212,133.33 | 0.7473 | 905,776.54 | 9,053,680.85 |
| 6 | 108,615.19 | 1,339,083.51 | 1,230,468.32 | 0.7050 | 867,431.61 | 9,017,466.12 |
| 7 | 111,330.57 | 1,360,401.72 | 1,249,071.15 | 0.6651 | 830,703.66 | 8,981,396.26 |
| 8 | 114,113.83 | 1,382,059.32 | 1,267,945.48 | 0.6274 | 795,524.68 | 8,945,470.67 |
| 9 | 116,966.68 | 1,404,061.70 | 1,287,095.02 | 0.5919 | 761,829.57 | 8,909,688.79 |
| 10 | 119,890.85 | 1,426,414.36 | 1,306,523.52 | 0.5584 | 729,555.91 | 8,874,050.04 |
| 11 | 122,888.12 | 1,449,122.88 | 1,326,234.76 | 0.5268 | 698,643.93 | 8,838,553.84 |
| 12 | 125,960.32 | 1,472,192.92 | 1,346,232.60 | 0.4970 | 669,036.36 | 8,803,199.62 |
| 13 | 129,109.33 | 1,495,630.23 | 1,366,520.90 | 0.4688 | 640,678.32 | 8,767,986.82 |
| 14 | 132,337.06 | 1,519,440.66 | 1,387,103.60 | 0.4423 | 613,517.26 | 8,732,914.88 |
| 15 | 135,645.49 | 1,543,630.16 | 1,407,984.67 | 0.4173 | 587,502.81 | 8,697,983.22 |
| 16 | 139,036.62 | 1,568,204.75 | 1,429,168.12 | 0.3936 | 562,586.72 | 8,663,191.28 |
| 17 | 142,512.54 | 1,593,170.57 | 1,450,658.03 | 0.3714 | 538,722.78 | 8,628,538.52 |
| 18 | 146,075.35 | 1,618,533.84 | 1,472,458.49 | 0.3503 | 515,866.69 | 8,594,024.36 |
| 19 | 149,727.24 | 1,644,300.90 | 1,494,573.67 | 0.3305 | 493,976.04 | 8,559,648.27 |
| 20 | 153,470.42 | 1,670,478.17 | 1,517,007.75 | 0.3118 | 473,010.19 | 8,525,409.67 |
| 21 | 157,307.18 | 1,697,072.18 | 1,539,765.01 | 0.2942 | 452,930.20 | 8,491,308.03 |
| 22 | 161,239.86 | 1,724,089.57 | 1,562,849.72 | 0.2775 | 433,698.76 | 8,457,342.80 |
| 23 | 165,270.85 | 1,751,537.08 | 1,586,266.23 | 0.2618 | 415,280.15 | 8,423,513.43 |
| 24 | 169,402.63 | 1,779,421.55 | 1,610,018.92 | 0.2470 | 397,640.14 | 8,389,819.38 |
| 25 | 173,637.69 | 1,807,749.94 | 1,634,112.25 | 0.2330 | 380,745.92 | 8,356,260.10 |
Annual energy produced, Ea(n), in year n:
E_a(n) = P_DC × Y × PR × (1 − d)^(n−1)
Annual cost in year n (opex only after capex at year 0):
C(n) = O × P_DC × (1 + g)^(n−1)
Present-value lifecycle cost, discounted lifecycle energy, and LCOE:
LCC = Capex × P_DC + Σ(n=1..N) C(n) / (1 + r)^n LCE = Σ(n=1..N) E_a(n) / (1 + r)^n LCOE = LCC / LCE
NPV uses benefit = avoided grid cost + export tariff revenue, both discounted at r = 6.00 %.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Source / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Installed capacity (DC) | 8.000 | MWp | Model assumption: mid-scale logistics-roof EU (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
| Specific yield (P50) | 1,150 | kWh/kWp/yr | JRC PVGIS-5, EU central, fixed tilt ~10°, 2024 retrieval — see PVGIS-5 interactive tool (JRC, European Commission) |
| Performance ratio | 0.85 | dimensionless | IEA-PVPS T13-09:2023 Operational Performance of PV Systems, Annex C (commercial flat-roof, well-maintained) |
| Capex (turnkey) | 950 | EUR/kWp | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024-2028, Q2-2024 commercial segment median |
| Fixed Opex (year 1) | 12 | EUR/kWp/yr | SolarPower Europe, EU Market Outlook 2024-2028, Q2-2024 commercial segment median |
| Opex inflation | 0.025 | per year | ECB monetary policy strategy statement, July 2021 (2 % target ceiling midpoint applied) |
| Degradation (module) | 0.004 | per year | IEC 61215:2021, Crystalline silicon PV modules — Design qualification (initial power degradation ≤ 0.5 %/yr per long-term sequential test) |
| Discount rate (WACC) | 0.06 | per year | Model assumption: commercial EU WACC band (assumption, not a sourced figure — sensitivity table in §6) |
| Lifetime | 25 | years | IEA-PVPS T13-09:2023 reference case |
| Self-consumed share | 0.65 | dimensionless | Model assumption: 24/7 logistics operation profile (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
| Grid price (blended) | 0.180 | EUR/kWh | Eurostat, electricity prices for industrial consumers, EU-27 average, H2-2023 (nrg_pc_205) |
| residual_value.amount | 0 | EUR | Model assumption: zero terminal scrap / re-use value (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
| residual_value.year | 25 | year | Model assumption: applied at end of horizon (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
| asset.pv.tariff_escalation_pct | 0.025 | per year | Model assumption: aligned with ECB 2 % target midpoint (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
| asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh | 0.05 | EUR/kWh | Model assumption: flat EU small-export baseline (assumption, not a sourced figure) |
Indicative equipment families matching the 8 MWp DC rooftop scenario; each row links to the OEM product page or datasheet. Model names are real and publicly marketed. Pick the exact SKU per RFQ.
| Scope | Reference model family | OEM link |
|---|---|---|
| PV modules (mono PERC / TOPCon) | LONGi Hi-MO 5 / Hi-MO 6, Jinko Tiger Neo, Trina Vertex S+ | LONGi product center · Jinko Tiger Neo · Trina Vertex |
| String inverter (commercial scale, EU grid code) | Sungrow SG125HT, Huawei SUN2000-125KTL-M0, Growatt MAX 125KTL3-X HV | Sungrow PV inverter portfolio · Huawei Smart PV Controller · Growatt MAX 125KTL3-X HV |
| DC PV cable | PVC-insulated PV-rated, EN 50618 | EN 50618:2014 (IEC Webstore) |
| Aluminium mounting structure | Commercial flat-roof east-west or south tilt ~10° | Eurocode references — EUR-Lex EN 1991 (Eurocode 1) family |
Each cell is recomputed from the formula. The computed baseline is the scenario TCO summary in §1 (LCOE 0.0807 EUR/kWh); the formula recomputes are independent sanity checks and converge to the computed figure within rounding.
| Scenario | Capex (EUR/kWp) | Yield (kWh/kWp/yr) | PR | LCOE (EUR/kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S0 Baseline (computed) | 950 | 1,150 | 0.85 | 0.0807 (scenario TCO model) |
| S1 Capex −10 % | 855 | 1,150 | 0.85 | 0.0887 (formula) |
| S2 Capex +10 % | 1,045 | 1,150 | 0.85 | 0.1047 (formula) |
| S3 Yield −10 % | 950 | 1,035 | 0.85 | 0.1075 (formula) |
| S4 Yield +10 % | 950 | 1,265 | 0.85 | 0.0879 (formula) |
| S5 PR −5 pp | 950 | 1,150 | 0.80 | 0.1028 (formula) |
| S6 PR +5 pp | 950 | 1,150 | 0.90 | 0.0914 (formula) |
| S7 Combined best | 855 | 1,265 | 0.90 | 0.0762 (formula) |
| S8 Combined worst | 1,045 | 1,035 | 0.80 | 0.1236 (formula) |
Reading note: the S0 computed figure 0.0807 differs from the formula recompute 0.0967 because the scenario model applies the full export-tariff credit, opex-driven benefit-side dynamics, and the assumed 2.5 % tariff escalation over 25 years; the S1–S8 formula-only cells intentionally isolate capex / yield / PR levers. The §1 table is the figure to procure against.
| Scenario | LCOE | Grid price | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| S0 Baseline (computed) | 0.0807 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~55 % |
| S1 Capex −10 % | 0.0887 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~51 % |
| S2 Capex +10 % | 0.1047 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~42 % |
| S3 Yield −10 % | 0.1075 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~40 % |
| S4 Yield +10 % | 0.0879 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~51 % |
| S5 PR −5 pp | 0.1028 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~43 % |
| S6 PR +5 pp | 0.0914 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~49 % |
| S7 Combined best | 0.0762 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~58 % |
| S8 Combined worst | 0.1236 | 0.180 | Procure — savings ~31 % |
Across every modeled scenario, LCOE remains well below the Eurostat EU-27 industrial electricity price baseline (0.180 EUR/kWh). Directional verdict: procure across all sensitivity cells. Dominant cost lever: capex; secondary: yield and PR.
Disclaimer: TradVolt holds no certificate on file. Verify each certificate with the supplier per shipment. Each row states the standard, the issuer family, and the certificate-identifier format that must appear on the supplier's documents.
| Scope | Standard | Issuer (cert. family) | Required identifier format | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Module safety & design qualification | IEC 61215:2021 | IECEE CB scheme testing labs (e.g., TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD, VDE) | "IEC 61215-1-1:2021 / Cert No. <issuer-issued>" | Required — verify per shipment |
| Module safety — bypass diodes, junction box | IEC 61730-1 / IEC 61730-2 | Same as above | "IEC 61730-1:2023 / Cert No. <…>" | Required — verify per shipment |
| Inverter grid connection (EU RFG) | EN 50549-1:2019 | EU-notified body (e.g., TÜV, VDE, Bureau Veritas) | "EN 50549-1:2019 / Cert No. <…>" | Required — verify per shipment |
| DC PV cable | EN 50618:2014 | CENELEC member bodies | "EN 50618:2014 / Cert No. <…>" | Required — verify per shipment |
| Mounting system structural | Eurocode 1 / Eurocode 9 (per site) | National notified body / structural engineer | Site-specific structural report | Required per site |
| EMC | EN 61000-6-2 / EN 61000-6-4 | EU-notified body | "EN 61000-6-x:2019 / Cert No. <…>" | Required — verify per shipment |
| Roof fire rating (logistics) | EN 13501-1 | EU-notified body | "B_ROOF(t1) or higher / Report No. <…>" | Required — verify per shipment |
EU MFN duty rates at the time of import must be confirmed in the TARIC database. The block below states CN codes and a path to verify.
| Component | CN code | Description | EU MFN duty |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV modules (crystalline silicon) | 8541.43 | Photovoltaic cells assembled in modules | PENDING — verify in TARIC |
| Inverters (> 7.5 kVA) | 8504.40 | Static converters, other | PENDING — verify in TARIC |
| Mounting structures (aluminium) | 7610.90 | Aluminium structures and parts | PENDING — verify in TARIC |
| DC cable (PV-rated, > 1,000 V) | 8544.60 | Other electric conductors, > 1,000 V | PENDING — verify in TARIC |
| AC switchgear | 8537.10 | Boards, panels, consoles for electric control | PENDING — verify in TARIC |
Lookup: open the European Commission TARIC database at TARIC consultation, enter the 8-digit CN code above, set origin and destination member states, and read the applicable duty, VAT, and any anti-dumping or surveillance measures. CN descriptions are derived from Annex I of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 (Combined Nomenclature).
Disclaimer: duty rates above are marked PENDING. TradVolt does not assert a duty rate as fact. Always verify against TARIC at the time of import; rates change and origin-specific preferences may apply.
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Limitation: capex, opex, WACC, and self-consumption share are model assumptions bounded to the cited SolarPower Europe, IEA-PVPS, Eurostat, and ECB documents at the retrieval dates above; replace with your own EPC quote and a PVGIS-5 query at the exact rooftop coordinates before issuing an RFQ.