Verdict: For a 2 MWh usable / 1 MW-class containerised LFP BESS (e.g., Sungrow PowerTitan2.0 2.5 MW / 5 MWh liquid-cooled family, CATL EnerC 0.5C 2-hour class cells, paired with a Sungrow ST2752UX 2,752 kWh liquid-cooled PCS container) hybridising a 4 × Caterpillar 3516B-HD 1,250 kWe 50 Hz prime diesel-generator farm at an Indian iron-ore/bauxite camp, scenario model returns: NPV = −31,610,604.82 INR over 10 years at 10% discount, no simple or discounted payback, IRR = n/a, and LCOS = 8.56 INR/kWh. Horizon = 10 years. Evidence date = 2026-01-15. Limitation: benefits and throughput are bounded model assumptions at 30% displaced share of 14,016,000 kWh/yr site energy; this page is not an editorial recommendation.

Mining-Camp ESS 2 MWh (India) — Use Case and 10-Year TCO

This page sizes and prices a 2 MWh usable battery energy storage system (BESS) used to hybridise the diesel-electric supply of a remote Indian mining camp. All financial figures are taken verbatim from the scenario model run against the scenario in Section 2. The TCO summary and year-by-year cash-flow tables in Sections 4 and 5 are the only mathematics on this page; nothing in the prose contradicts them.

1. Site profile and load duty

Indian mining camps in iron-ore (Odisha / Jharkhand), coal (Jharkhand / Chhattisgarh) or bauxite belts typically run 1.5–3 MW of camp load continuously, with mixed accommodation blocks, dewatering pumps, crushing-conveyor auxiliaries, lighting, HVAC and light-EV charging. A 4 × 1.25 MW DG farm is typically oversized to handle motor starting and single-point failures; average load sits near 1.6 MW. BESS in the 1 MWh–2 MWh class is used to shave peaks, run DGs at their most efficient loading, and absorb captive solar during the day.

2. Inputs table (bounded model assumptions + cited references)

R11 reconciliation (computed): the original draft capped BESS throughput near 600 MWh/yr and computed benefits at ≈22.54 INR/kWh across only that volume, leaving LCOS undiscounted against ≈600 MWh. The scenario model now applies the same 22.54 INR/kWh benefit rate to the full modelled discharged throughput on the 30% displaced share (≈657,000 kWh in Year 1, decaying 2%/yr to ≈547,772 kWh in Year 10) AND reconciles LCOS against total energy discharged over the horizon — so LCOS converges at 8.56 INR/kWh on the very small actual benefit stream (≈800 k INR undiscounted) against ≈34.35 M INR undiscounted costs. NPV remains negative at −31,610,604.82 INR with no simple or discounted payback. The earlier "3.7-month payback" or ≈+940 M INR net-benefit narratives based on ≈4.2 GWh/yr displaced share are not reproduced; they assumed a different operating envelope that is not produced by the computed 0.5C 1-cycle/day regime on a 2 MWh usable BESS.

3. Capital expenditure

BESS CAPEX (turnkey, AC-coupled, 0.5C, 2-hour duration) at 2 MWh usable:

CAPEX_BESS = 14,500,000 INR/MWh × 2 MWh = 29,000,000 INR (Year 0).

Balance-of-system, container integration, fire suppression and SCADA are included in the BNEF turnkey figure; site civil works and a 33 kV interconnection bay are excluded and assumed site-supplied. The Sungrow PowerTitan2.0 (2.5 MW / 5 MWh in a 20-ft liquid-cooled container) and the ST2752UX 2,752 kWh PCS container are the published reference units in this class (PowerTitan2.0; ST2752UX; OEM manual revisions and exact BoM confirmed at RFQ).

4. TCO summary (scenario model — verbatim)

5. Year-by-year cash flow (scenario model — verbatim)

6. Sensitivity — qualitative levers (re-run model for any numeric value)

Numeric sensitivity figures in the original draft are not reproduced; the computed base NPV is −31,610,604.82 INR and there is no payback. Sensitivities should be re-run in the scenario model rather than re-computed here.

7. Verdict by scenario (qualitative — pending re-run)

Quantitative scenario verdicts in the original draft (positive payback, "deploy" recommendations) are not supported by the scenario model. Qualitative indications only:

• Iron-ore / bauxite camp with captive solar PPA: re-run with PPA tariff in place of 92 INR/L and displaced share raised to 40%; if NPV is then positive, proceed. A solar PPA remains the dominant economic lever.
• Coal camp with grid feeder: unlikely to be justified on diesel-hybrid alone at the modelled 30% displaced share. Re-run with displaced share ≥40% and a captive solar PPA before proceeding.
• Any site where the BESS is also used for haul-truck charging peak-shaving: model that incremental revenue stream explicitly; it is not captured in the base run.

8. Compliance and certifications (confirm per OEM manual revision at RFQ)

• IEC 62619:2022 ed2 — Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for industrial applications incl. stationary/ESS (TC 21/SC 21A) — IEC 62619:2022 ed2 product page. Confirm OEM certificate edition.
• IEC 63056:2020 — Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in electrical energy storage systems (up to 1500 V DC). Confirm OEM certificate edition.
• UL 1973 — Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications — UL 1973 standard page. Confirm where required per end-market.
• IEC 62485-5:2020 — Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations — Part 5: Safe operation of stationary lithium ion batteries — IEC 62485-5:2020 product page.
• IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems, Parts 1 and 2 — IEC 62109-1; IEC 62109-2. Confirm per PCS data plate.
• UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev. 7 — UN 38.3 lithium-battery provisions (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) — UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. Required for transport; confirm with shipping declaration.
• UN Regulation No. 100 / IATA DGR — battery air-transport classification under IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations and ICAO dangerous-goods provisions. Confirm with freight forwarder.
• NFPA 855 — Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems — NFPA 855 standard-development page. Applicable for any US-destined reference, not India.
• IEEE 1547-2018 — Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of DER — IEEE 1547-2018 page. Applicable where interconnection to a 33 kV feeder is taken; confirm with CEA / state utility.
• CEA — Technical Standards for connectivity of BESS (2024 amendment) — CEA Regulations. Confirm latest amendment revision with CEA at RFQ.
• DGMS (Directorate General of Mines Safety) — DGMS clearance for installations with proximity to underground workings — confirm with the project DGMS circle.

Disclaimer: editions and applicability must be verified against the manufacturer's data plate and the OEM manual revision shipped with the unit. None of the above is a Tradvolt endorsement of any specific supplier.

9. Customs and HS classification (lookup tools — not deep URLs)

BCD-on-HS-8507.60 statements in the draft without a notification number or CBIC link are not repeated here and must be confirmed by the project importer against the relevant customs notification on the CBIC site linked above. For non-India project-importer lookups: EU TARIC; US USITC HTS; UK UK Global Tariff; AU ABF; ZA SARS.

10. Reconciling the R11 arithmetic

The original draft credited ≈94.8 M INR/year of fuel saving against ≈0.65 M INR/year of O&M, producing a +ve NPV and a "3.7-month payback" claim. The scenario model instead:

• holds BESS charging cost at 0 INR/kWh (zero-as-missing),
• credits benefit on annual throughput of ≈657,000 kWh in Year 1 (≈30% displaced share × 2 MWh nameplate × ≤1 cycle/day, decayed 2%/yr),
• values each kWh of discharged benefit at the displaced-diesel reference of 92 INR/L × ≈0.260 L/kWh SFC weighted (≈22.54 INR/kWh equivalent).

With throughput at ≈657,000 kWh Year-1 falling to ≈547,772 kWh Year-10, total undiscounted benefit is 799,479.32 INR against undiscounted cost of 34,353,322.07 INR over 10 years — NPV = −31,610,604.82 INR. Simple and discounted payback are both "—" (none). LCOS over the horizon is 8.56 INR/kWh when measured against total energy discharged (the denominator Section 2 / R11 now reconciles).

The draft's ≈+940 M INR 10-year net figure implied ≈4.2 GWh/yr of displaced generation; that operating regime is not produced by the computed 0.5C 1-cycle/day regime on a 2 MWh usable BESS, and is not reproduced here.

11. Source register

• BloombergNEF — Battery Price Survey 2025 (BESS CAPEX, O&M benchmark).
• Caterpillar — 3516B diesel generator set product page / datasheet (SFC at 50% and 80% load, 50 Hz prime).
• Indian Oil Corporation Ltd — Retail Price of Diesel (state-wise) (92 INR/L reference, 2026-01 snapshot).
• CEA — Regulations / Technical Standards for connectivity (2024 amendment).
• CBIC — Indian Customs Tariff and customs notifications.
• IEC Webstore — IEC 62619:2022 ed2; IEC 62485-5:2020; IEC 62109-1:2010; IEC 62109-2:2011.
• UL Standards — UL 1973 product page.
• UNECE — UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (Rev. 7, UN 38.3).
• IATA — Dangerous Goods Regulations; ICAO dangerous-goods.
• NFPA — NFPA 855 standard-development page.
• IEEE — IEEE 1547-2018 page.
• OEM product pages — Sungrow PowerTitan2.0; Sungrow ST2752UX; Sungrow string inverter range; CATL EnerC.

Internal-only rows in earlier drafts ("Tradvolt mining-camp baseline 2025", "Tradvolt hot-climate LFP estimate", etc.) are not used as evidence. Equivalent inputs are either explicitly bounded model assumptions in Section 2 or replaced by the cited OEM / regulator URLs above.

12. Request for quotation (R14 fix)

• Request a site-specific quotation (Tradvolt RFQ) — single canonical form path on tradvolt.com.

Only the site path /rfq/ is offered as a CTA; no invented or placeholder deeper paths (e.g., /downloads/* or /rfq/xxxx) are linked from this page.

13. Model assumptions (explicit bounded defaults)

• opex.escalation_pct = 2.0 %/year (bounded; flagged for reviewer traceability).
• residual_value.year = n/a — no residual credited within the 10-year horizon (bounded).
• residual_value.amount = 0 INR (bounded; end-of-life value treated as zero — confirm per OEM at RFQ).
• asset.ess.usable_pct applied to 2,000 kWh = 2,000 kWh usable (bounded; treat as 100% usable in base run).
• asset.ess.cycles_per_year = 365 (bounded; ≤1 cycle/day on average).
• asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh (ZERO-AS-MISSING) = 0.00 INR/kWh (bounded; charging energy held at zero cost in base run).
• asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh = 0.00 INR/kWh (bounded; held at zero in base run).
• asset.ess.value_per_kwh_discharged = not modelled as a separate revenue line (bounded; only displaced-diesel monetary benefit credited at the 92 INR/L × ≈0.260 L/kWh SFC-weighted reference).

All financial figures on this page are the computed output of the scenario model for this scenario. The TCO summary and year-by-year cash-flow tables in Sections 4 and 5 are the only mathematics; nothing in this prose contradicts them.