Verdict (modeled, base scenario). For a 2 MWh LFP office BESS in India climatic Region-9 over a 15-year horizon at a 10.00 % discount rate, the computed net present value (NPV) of the cash-flow stream is INR −14,09,68,730.25 (net cost of approximately ₹14.10 Cr). Both simple payback and discounted payback are none (no cumulative break-even within horizon). The levelised cost of storage (LCOS) is INR 25.05 / kWh, the internal rate of return is −40.70 %, and the present value of total discounted costs is INR 225,817,500.31 against a present value of total discounted benefits of INR 84,848,770.06. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Limitation: this page models cash-flow arithmetic only; tariff structure, demand-charge design, OEM warranty terms, and replacement logistics need separate evaluation at RFQ stage.
| Decision input | Result |
|---|---|
| Equipment / location / horizon | 2 MWh LFP office BESS, India Region-9, 15 years |
| Discount rate | 10.00 % |
| NPV (INR) | -140,968,730.25 |
| IRR | -0.4070 |
| Simple payback (year) | — |
| Discounted payback (year) | — |
| LCOS (INR/kWh) | 25.05 |
| Total undiscounted cost (INR) | 298,692,225.67 |
| PV of costs (INR) | 225,817,500.31 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (INR) | 161,678,528.50 |
| PV of benefits (INR) | 84,848,770.06 |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | INR |
| Horizon (years) | 15 |
| Discount rate | 10.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (INR) | 298,692,225.67 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (INR) | 225,817,500.31 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (INR) | 161,678,528.50 |
| Total discounted benefit (INR) | 84,848,770.06 |
| NPV (INR) | -140,968,730.25 |
| IRR | -0.4070 |
| Simple payback (year) | — |
| Discounted payback (year) | — |
| LCOS (INR/kWh) | 25.05 |
| Year | Cost (INR) | Benefit (INR) | Net (INR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (INR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 180,000,000.00 | 0.0000 | -180,000,000.00 | 1.00 | -180,000,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 2,700,000.00 | 12,368,739.13 | 9,668,739.13 | 0.9091 | 8,789,762.85 | 1,314,000.00 |
| 2 | 2,754,000.00 | 12,121,364.35 | 9,367,364.35 | 0.8264 | 7,741,623.43 | 1,287,720.00 |
| 3 | 2,809,080.00 | 11,878,937.06 | 9,069,857.06 | 0.7513 | 6,814,317.85 | 1,261,965.60 |
| 4 | 2,865,261.60 | 11,641,358.32 | 8,776,096.72 | 0.6830 | 5,994,192.15 | 1,236,726.29 |
| 5 | 2,922,566.83 | 11,408,531.15 | 8,485,964.32 | 0.6209 | 5,269,116.19 | 1,211,991.76 |
| 6 | 2,981,018.17 | 11,180,360.53 | 8,199,342.36 | 0.5645 | 4,628,315.01 | 1,187,751.93 |
| 7 | 3,040,638.53 | 10,956,753.32 | 7,916,114.79 | 0.5132 | 4,062,218.57 | 1,163,996.89 |
| 8 | 3,101,451.30 | 10,737,618.25 | 7,636,166.95 | 0.4665 | 3,562,328.24 | 1,140,716.95 |
| 9 | 3,163,480.33 | 10,522,865.89 | 7,359,385.56 | 0.4241 | 3,121,097.89 | 1,117,902.61 |
| 10 | 3,226,749.94 | 10,312,408.57 | 7,085,658.64 | 0.3855 | 2,731,828.14 | 1,095,544.56 |
| 11 | 3,291,284.93 | 10,106,160.40 | 6,814,875.46 | 0.3505 | 2,388,572.28 | 1,073,633.67 |
| 12 | 75,357,110.63 | 9,904,037.19 | -65,453,073.44 | 0.3186 | -20,855,366.31 | 1,052,160.99 |
| 13 | 3,424,252.85 | 9,705,956.45 | 6,281,703.60 | 0.2897 | 1,819,585.78 | 1,031,117.77 |
| 14 | 3,492,737.90 | 9,511,837.32 | 6,019,099.42 | 0.2633 | 1,585,017.00 | 1,010,495.42 |
| 15 | 3,562,592.66 | 9,321,600.57 | 5,759,007.91 | 0.2394 | 1,378,660.71 | 990,285.51 |
A 2 MWh office energy storage system (BESS) serves a commercial office park in India Region-9 climatic conditions. Target revenue streams: peak-shaving (ToU arbitrage), demand-charge management, and diesel-displacement for backup. Throughput is sized at two full daily cycles (≈730 cycles/yr) consistent with Indian commercial load profiles and tariff windows.
The model is sized around utility-scale LFP containerised BESS products that are publicly marketed for commercial and industrial use; exact model family, OEM manual revision, and PCS pairing must be confirmed at RFQ. The list below names real, publicly marketed product families and is not an endorsement of any single vendor:
Voltage, torque, and state-of-charge (SOC) limits are OEM-manual revision-specific; the selected vendor's manual revision must be cited on the project data sheet before construction. CATL EnerC-class containerised BESS families are also publicly marketed for utility/C&I use in this size class; the CATL ESS product family is at catl.com/en/ess — model family and revision confirmed at RFQ.
Inputs below are model assumptions; values match the COMPUTED TABLES. Source links marked model assumption denote inputs the scenario does not externally source.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Source / basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Usable capacity | 2,000 | kWh | Model assumption (project size, IN-R9) |
| Round-trip efficiency (DC) | 92 | % | Model assumption (LFP utility-scale typical) |
| Depth of discharge | 90 | % | Model assumption (LFP operating DoD) |
| Calendar life | 15 | years | Model assumption (horizon) |
| Cycle life to 80 % SOH | 6,000 | cycles | Model assumption (LFP cell median) |
| Cycles per year | 730 | cycles/yr | Model assumption (2 cycles/day commercial profile) |
| CAPEX (turnkey, year 0) | 180,000,000 | INR | Model assumption (turnkey CAPEX) |
| Annual fixed OPEX (year 1) | 1.5 % of CAPEX → 2,700,000 | INR/yr | Model assumption (BESS O&M band) |
| OPEX inflation | 2.0 % per year | % | Model assumption (rupee-denominated) |
| Auxiliary load (idle) | 1.5 % of nameplate / day → 30 kWh/day idle | kWh/day | Model assumption (BESS aux) |
| Replacement reserve (year 12) | Step-up to ₹75,357,110.63 in year 12 (module refurb / partial replacement reserve, including the OPEX step) | INR | Model assumption (module refurb reserve) |
| Discount rate | 10.00 | % | Model assumption (INR corporate WACC) |
| Base electricity tariff (year 1) | 9.50 | INR/kWh | Model assumption (C&I average, India R9) |
| Tariff CAGR (base) | 3.0 | % | Model assumption (base scenario) |
| ESS throughput degradation | 2.0 % per year (capacity fade) | %/yr | Model assumption (asset.ess.degradation_pct_per_year) |
| Value per kWh discharged (benefit stream) | = energy × tariff × efficiency; ₹12,368,739.13 in year 1, scaling with degradation | INR | Model assumption (asset.ess.value_per_kwh_discharged) |
| Charge cost per kWh (auxiliary / grid-side charge input) | Embedded in net benefit stream; not separately itemised | INR/kWh | Model assumption (asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh) |
| Residual value (asset salvage) | 0 INR at horizon end | INR | Model assumption (residual_value.amount = 0; residual_value.year = 15) |
The model sums four streams over a 15-year horizon at a 10.00 % discount rate:
30 kWh/day × 365.25 days × 15 yr ≈ 1,64,250 kWh at the effective tariff (evolving at the CAGR);Benefit stream: discharged energy valued at the year-specific tariff, with throughput degradation reducing annual kWh from 1,314,000 (year 1) to 990,285.51 (year 15). NPV is the discounted sum of costs plus the discounted sum of benefits; both are taken from the COMPUTED TABLES. The single headline figure of ₹−14,09,68,730.25 is the discounted NPV; the undiscounted nominal outlay of ₹29,86,92,225.67 is reported alongside. No other financial figures are asserted on this page.
Headline figures above correspond to the tariff base scenario inputs in the COMPUTED TABLES (CAGR ≥ 0). Lower-CAGR or zero-CAGR scenarios were not re-priced; the COMPUTED TABLES are computed for this page, so a sensitivity grid is not reproduced here. Procurement teams should request a re-run via the RFQ form for alternative CAGR or replacement-timing cases.
| Decision input | Result | Note |
|---|---|---|
| NPV (15-yr discounted) | INR -140,968,730.25 | Net cost; no positive NPV within horizon under base inputs. |
| IRR | -0.4070 | Negative; no break-even within horizon. |
| Simple payback | None within 15 years | Cumulative net remains negative through year 15. |
| Discounted payback | None within 15 years | Discounted cumulative net remains negative through year 15. |
| LCOS | INR 25.05 / kWh | Levelised cost; tariff-benefit offset is implicit in LCOS denominator. |
Bounded model assumptions (explicit, project-tunable): residual value = INR 0 at year 15; ESS capacity fade = 2.0 %/yr; per-kWh-discharged benefit = year-tariff × kWh discharged (efficiency-adjusted); charge cost per kWh (asset.ess.charge_cost_per_kwh) embedded in net benefit stream and not separately itemised. Changing any of these inputs materially shifts NPV; request a re-quote with revised assumptions via the RFQ form.
The BESS and PCS stack for this case must carry the following conformities with project-specific test reports on file; certificate numbers and issuer names must be appended on the project data sheet.
| Standard (designation, edition) | Scope (this project) | Evidence pointer |
|---|---|---|
| IEC 62619:2022 ed2 — Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications, including stationary / ESS applications (IEC TC 21/SC 21A) | Cell-level safety & abuse tolerance for LFP prismatic cells used in BESS racks | IEC 62619:2022 ed2 — exact document page; cite IEC 62619:2022 ed2 with vendor test report number on the project data sheet. |
| UL 1973 — Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | Battery module-level safety (electrical, mechanical, environmental) for stationary auxiliary-power BESS | UL 1973 standard page; cite UL 1973 with certificate ID on data sheet. |
| UL 9540A — Standard for Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in BESS | Cell-, module-, unit-, and installation-level thermal runaway propagation test report for the offered BESS | UL 9540A standard page; cite UL 9540A with project-specific test report. |
| UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 — UN 38.3 lithium battery test suite | Transport classification (T1–T8 tests) for lithium cells; required for sea/air freight | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (Rev.7); cite ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 with vendor UN 38.3 summary. |
| IEC 61851-1:2017 — Electric vehicle conductive charging system, Part 1 (cited for EV-coupled BESS use cases if adopted) | Conductive AC/DC EV charging used in EV-coupled BESS configurations | IEC 61851-1:2017 document page; cite IEC 61851-1:2017 with project scope note. |
| IEC 62109-1:2010 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems, Part 1: General requirements (IEC TC 82) | PCS / inverter general safety for PV-integrated BESS installations | IEC 62109-1:2010 document page; cite IEC 62109-1:2010 with vendor certificate. |
| IEC 62485-5:2020 — Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations, Part 5: Safe operation of stationary lithium-ion batteries (IEC TC 21) | System-level safe-operation requirements for stationary Li-ion BESS installations | IEC 62485-5:2020 document page; cite IEC 62485-5:2020 at RFQ. |
| BIS / India — IS 16000 series (where invoked for PV-integrated BESS) | Safety of secondary cells and batteries for photovoltaic applications, when solar-coupled | Bureau of Indian Standards portal; cite licence number once the chosen BESS family is on the BIS CRS register; CRS scope = the exact model family cited at RFQ. |
| IEC 62933 series (use-case aligned) — Electrical energy storage (EES) systems | System-level performance, safety, and EMC for utility-integrated EES | IEC Webstore catalogue; cite full designation IEC 62933-X:YYYY at RFQ. |
Indicative harmonised-system / customs classification headings for BESS imports into India (final classification determined by Customs at clearance): 8507.60 (lithium-ion accumulators, cell/module level), 8504.40 (static converters, e.g., PCS / inverter subsystem), 8537.10 (boards/panels for electric control, e.g., BESS control cabinet). The applicable India import duty rate (BCD) and any project-specific SEZ / EHTP / RoDTEP benefits for heading 8507.60 (lithium-ion accumulators) must be confirmed against the current India tariff schedule via the CBIC and ICEGATE portals (CBIC; ICEGATE) and by a licensed customs broker before any commercial commitment; this page does not assert a duty rate as fact.
IEC NNNN:YYYY) and edition in text and refer to this catalogue (IEC Webstore).This page is part of the Tradvolt B2B green-tech trade catalogue. Financial figures are outputs of the COMPUTED TABLES — a year-by-year nominal and discounted stream at a 10.00 % discount rate over a 15-year horizon for a 2 MWh LFP BESS sized for Indian Region-9 commercial office use. Standards references and harmonised-system codes are reproduced for procurement scoping; final classification, duty assessment, and certificate scope must be confirmed against the chosen vendor's documents and the licensed customs broker's advice before any commercial commitment.