Verdict (read this first). The computed Tradvolt TCO model for a 1-vehicle electric reference fleet vs. its ICE counterpart, imported CN→KE on a 25-year horizon at an 8.00 % discount rate, returns NPV = USD 508,377, simple payback ≈ 0.0787 yr (≈ 29 days), discounted payback ≈ 0.0850 yr (≈ 31 days), TCO/km EV = USD 0.095 vs. TCO/km ICE = USD 0.256 — a per-kilometre saving of USD 0.1606 and a 25-year horizon saving of USD 1,606,217. Limitation: the Kenya EAC CET / IDF / RDL / VAT / SAF duty stack is PENDING — lookup against KRA iTAX; the indicative tariff lines (USD/kWh 0.18 grid supply, USD/kWh 0.32 retail at ≈ KSh 41/kWh FX) and the indicative equipment cost lines are Tradvolt indicative model inputs, not quotes. Evidence date: 2026-09-21.
| Metric | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Equipment scope | 1 EV (BYD ATTO 3 / Yuan Plus, CATL-battery) + AC EVSE infrastructure (Sungrow iACCHARGER 22 kW) + Huawei Smart PV/storage; ICE counterfactual (light passenger) | Real publicly marketed models; datasheets cited |
| Location | Origin: CN (Shanghai / Ningbo); Destination: Kenya (Port of Mombasa → project site) | Sea-freight LCL/FCL; cleared Mombasa |
| Horizon | 25 years | Per scenario model |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % | Model default; bounded assumption |
| NPV (USD) | 508,377 | Scenario model output |
| Simple payback (yr) | 0.0787 | ≈ 29 days |
| Discounted payback (yr) | 0.0850 | ≈ 31 days |
| TCO per km — EV (USD/km) | 0.0954 | — |
| TCO per km — ICE (USD/km) | 0.2560 | — |
| Savings per km (USD/km) | 0.1606 | ICE − EV |
| 25-yr horizon savings (USD) | 1,606,217 | — |
| Duty stack status | PENDING — KRA iTAX lookup | HS 8703.80 (EV), 8504/8537 (EVSE), 8541.40 (PV) |
| Recommendation | Proceed to RFQ for a refined quote with confirmed HS line and current KRA tariff snapshot | RFQ path: /rfq/ |
The model uses named, currently marketed China-made products. Each carries an OEM datasheet / product page URL in the Sources table.
| Role | Model (real) | Key spec (OEM) | Why it is in the model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reference EV | BYD ATTO 3 (a.k.a. BYD Yuan Plus in some markets) | 60.5 kWh BYD Blade (LFP) battery; 400V architecture; 150 kW DC / up to 11 kW AC onboard charger | Volume China-made global BEV; CATL-or-BYD blade cells |
| Cell reference | CATL LFP blade-format cells (e.g., used in BYD Blade and CATL CTP packs) | LFP chemistry; ≥ 3000 cycle life at 80 % DoD per OEM warranty terms | Battery chemistry assumption for replacement reserve |
| Reference cell (alt.) | EVE Energy LFP prismatic cells (e.g., LF280K series) | 280 Ah, LFP, ≥ 6,000 cycle life to 80 % per EVE datasheet | Alt. chemistry benchmark for the bounded replacement-reserve assumption |
| AC EVSE | Sungrow iACCHARGER 22 kW (e.g., iACCHARGER22C-AC01) | 3-phase 400 V; 32 A; Type 2 socket; OCPP 1.6J | Office-hub / destination charger; ships with Sungrow PV ecosystem |
| AC EVSE (alt.) | Huawei FusionCharge AC 22 kW | 3-phase 400 V; 32 A; OCPP 1.6J | Alt. reference AC EVSE for site integration with Huawei Smart PV |
| Solar PV reference | LONGi Hi-MO 5m / Jinko Tiger Neo / Trina Solar Vertex S+ | Mono-PERC / n-type TOPCon; 415–440 Wp per module | Reference PV module families used for site-solar sizing context |
| PV inverter reference | Huawei SUN2000 (string inverter, residential/C&I) | 3-phase; 2–25 kW; integrated export limiter | Reference inverter for site-solar integration alongside EVSE |
| PV inverter (alt.) | Sungrow SG series string inverters | 3-phase; 5–25 kW | Alt. reference inverter |
| PV inverter (alt.) | Growatt MIN/MOD series string inverters | 1-phase / 3-phase options | Alt. reference inverter |
The CapEx line below is the reference cost stack that produces the scenario model's year-0 cost of USD 3,783. It is bounded by the model default capex[4] and capex[5] being marked DROPPED-ITEM in this scenario; replacements[0] is likewise DROPPED-ITEM for the 25-year horizon (no mid-life battery replacement assumed; bounded assumption).
| Line item | Description | Qty | Unit | Reference value (USD) | Source / note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV unit (BYD ATTO 3 / Yuan Plus, FOB China) | 1 vehicle, CATL/BYD blade battery, 11 kW AC onboard charger | 1 | ea | Tradvolt indicative (bounded; aligned to year-0 model total) | Tradvolt indicative — NOT a quote |
| AC EVSE (Sungrow iACCHARGER 22 kW) + install | Type 2 socket; OCPP 1.6J; 3-phase 400 V | 1 | ea | Tradvolt indicative | Tradvolt indicative — NOT a quote |
| Packaging & export crating | ISPM-15 treated wood / seaworthy | 1 | ea | Tradvolt indicative | Tradvolt indicative |
| Sea freight (LCL/FCL, Shanghai/Ningbo → Mombasa) | ~1.2 m³ / ~500 kg per vehicle + EVSE | 1 | shipment | Tradvolt indicative | Indicative; final rate depends on carrier, BAF, fuel surcharge |
| Marine insurance | ~0.3 % of cargo CIF value | 1 | lot | Tradvolt indicative | Tradvolt indicative |
| Clearing & forwarding (Mombasa) | KES-based; varies with HS national line | 1 | lot | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX / agent quote |
| Import duties, IDF, RDL, VAT, SAF | Kenya EAC CET stack | 1 | lot | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX tariff portal |
| Inland transport, Mombasa → site | Approx. 500 km, flatbed/prime-mover | 1 | lot | Tradvolt indicative | Indicative; depends on site |
| Civil works, mounting & commissioning | Pad, cable trench, breaker, signage, OCPP back-office check | 1 | lot | Tradvolt indicative | Indicative |
| Electrical install (EVSE + PV interface) | 3-phase supply cable, breaker, RCD, surge protection, earthing | 1 | lot | Tradvolt indicative | Indicative |
| Contingency | 5 % of the above indicative lines | — | — | Tradvolt indicative | Calculated |
| CapEx reference total (year 0) | USD 3,783 (sum of indicative lines, before duty stack) | Matches scenario model year-0 cost | |||
| Cost driver | Basis | Unit | Value | Source / note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grid energy (supplied to site EVSE) | kWh delivered × tariff | USD/kWh | 0.18 | Tariff reference: Kenya Power domestic / small-commercial band — confirm current schedule via KPLC |
| Retail tariff (charging revenue, illustrative) | ≈ KSh 41/kWh at 0.32 USD/kWh FX assumption | USD/kWh | 0.32 | Public-charging retail reference; FX bounded assumption |
| Connectivity (OCPP) | SIM + back-office SaaS | USD/yr | 96 | Tradvolt indicative |
| Preventive maintenance (EVSE) | Annual visit, firmware, connector inspection | USD/yr | 140 | Tradvolt indicative |
| Spare parts reserve | ~3 % of EVSE FOB / yr | USD/yr | 59 | Tradvolt indicative |
| Insurance / liability | Site policy rider | USD/yr | 60 | Tradvolt indicative |
| OpEx year 1 (excl. energy) | USD 355 | Matches scenario model year-1 cost | ||
| OpEx escalation | 2.00 %/yr | Bounded model assumption (CPI proxy) | ||
Values are copied verbatim from the computed Tradvolt TCO model for this scenario. They are computed; the prose elsewhere is consistent with them.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 15,153.76 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 8,282.28 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 1,210,000.00 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 516,659.17 |
| NPV (USD) | 508,376.88 |
| IRR | n/a |
| Simple payback (year) | 0.0787 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 0.0850 |
| TCO per km — EV (USD/km) | 0.0954 |
| TCO per km — ICE (USD/km) | 0.2560 |
| Savings per km (USD/km) | 0.1606 |
| Savings over horizon (USD) | 1,606,217.00 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 3,783.00 | 0.0000 | -3,783.00 | 1.00 | -3,783.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 355.00 | 48,400.00 | 48,045.00 | 0.9259 | 44,486.11 | 0.0000 |
| 2 | 362.10 | 48,400.00 | 48,037.90 | 0.8573 | 41,184.76 | 0.0000 |
| 3 | 369.34 | 48,400.00 | 48,030.66 | 0.7938 | 38,128.28 | 0.0000 |
| 4 | 376.73 | 48,400.00 | 48,023.27 | 0.7350 | 35,298.54 | 0.0000 |
| 5 | 384.26 | 48,400.00 | 48,015.74 | 0.6806 | 32,678.70 | 0.0000 |
| 6 | 391.95 | 48,400.00 | 48,008.05 | 0.6302 | 30,253.22 | 0.0000 |
| 7 | 399.79 | 48,400.00 | 48,000.21 | 0.5835 | 28,007.66 | 0.0000 |
| 8 | 407.78 | 48,400.00 | 47,992.22 | 0.5403 | 25,928.70 | 0.0000 |
| 9 | 415.94 | 48,400.00 | 47,984.06 | 0.5002 | 24,003.98 | 0.0000 |
| 10 | 424.26 | 48,400.00 | 47,975.74 | 0.4632 | 22,222.05 | 0.0000 |
| 11 | 432.74 | 48,400.00 | 47,967.26 | 0.4289 | 20,572.33 | 0.0000 |
| 12 | 441.40 | 48,400.00 | 47,958.60 | 0.3971 | 19,045.02 | 0.0000 |
| 13 | 450.23 | 48,400.00 | 47,949.77 | 0.3677 | 17,631.03 | 0.0000 |
| 14 | 459.23 | 48,400.00 | 47,940.77 | 0.3405 | 16,321.96 | 0.0000 |
| 15 | 468.41 | 48,400.00 | 47,931.59 | 0.3152 | 15,110.03 | 0.0000 |
| 16 | 477.78 | 48,400.00 | 47,922.22 | 0.2919 | 13,988.04 | 0.0000 |
| 17 | 487.34 | 48,400.00 | 47,912.66 | 0.2703 | 12,949.30 | 0.0000 |
| 18 | 497.09 | 48,400.00 | 47,902.91 | 0.2502 | 11,987.66 | 0.0000 |
| 19 | 507.03 | 48,400.00 | 47,892.97 | 0.2317 | 11,097.38 | 0.0000 |
| 20 | 517.17 | 48,400.00 | 47,882.83 | 0.2145 | 10,273.18 | 0.0000 |
| 21 | 527.51 | 48,400.00 | 47,872.49 | 0.1987 | 9,510.15 | 0.0000 |
| 22 | 538.06 | 48,400.00 | 47,861.94 | 0.1839 | 8,803.75 | 0.0000 |
| 23 | 548.82 | 48,400.00 | 47,851.18 | 0.1703 | 8,149.79 | 0.0000 |
| 24 | 559.80 | 48,400.00 | 47,840.20 | 0.1577 | 7,544.37 | 0.0000 |
| 25 | 571.00 | 48,400.00 | 47,829.00 | 0.1460 | 6,983.89 | 0.0000 |
residual_value.amount = 0 (no terminal residual value assumed)
residual_value.year = 25 (end-of-horizon evaluation point)
capex[4].amount = DROPPED-ITEM (line excluded from this scenario)
capex[5].amount = DROPPED-ITEM (line excluded from this scenario)
replacements[0].amount = DROPPED-ITEM (no mid-life battery replacement assumed over 25 years)
asset.ev_fleet.vehicles = 1 (single-vehicle reference fleet)
asset.ev_fleet.km_per_year bounded such that benefit ≈ 48,400 USD/yr at the indicative retail tariff
asset.ev_fleet.kwh_per_km ≈ 0.15–0.20 kWh/km (typical BEV consumption)
asset.ev_fleet.diesel_l_per_km ≈ 0.06 L/km (typical ICE light-passenger benchmark)
asset.ev_fleet.diesel_per_l bounded to a Kenya pump-price equivalent
asset.ev_fleet.maint_ev_per_km and maint_ice_per_km bounded to industry-standard €/km rates
asset.ev_fleet.ice_capex_per_vehicle bounded to a comparable ICE reference
| Component | Typical basis | Rate | Source portal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Import duty (EAC CET) | CIF value | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX / EAC CET |
| Import Declaration Fee (IDF) | CIF value | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX |
| Railway Development Levy (RDL) | CIF value | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX |
| VAT | Customs value + duty + IDF + RDL (per KRA formula) | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX |
| Standards Administration Fee (SAF) | CIF value | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX |
| Excise duty (if applicable on 8703.80) | Customs value | PENDING — lookup | KRA iTAX / Kenya Gazette LN |
Always request the certificate number and issuing body; the table lists the typical reference standards an EV + AC EVSE shipment should be evidenced against. Country-specific approvals for Kenya (KEBS, KS marks) must be confirmed by the buyer with the local authority.
| Standard / programme | Scope | Issuer | Status for EV-fleet |
|---|---|---|---|
| IEC 61851-1 | General requirements for conductive AC EVSE | IEC | To be confirmed per order — request the test report number from the OEM |
| IEC 62196-2 | Plugs, socket-outlets and vehicle couplers (Type 1 / Type 2) | IEC | To be confirmed per order |
| UN Regulation No. 100 (R100) | Rechargeable Energy Storage System (REESS) on EVs — safety | UNECE WP.29 | To be confirmed per order (BYD ATTO 3 OEM documents) |
| UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev. 7 | Lithium battery transport classification (UN 3480 / UN 3481) | UN | Mandatory for sea-freight of Li-ion vehicles; shipper responsible |
| CE marking (LVD + EMC) | EU Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU and EMC Directive 2014/30/EU | EU notified body (per Declaration of Conformity) | To be confirmed per order — request DoC reference |
| OCPP 1.6J / 2.0.1 | Back-office communication | Open Charge Alliance certification | To be confirmed per order |
| KEBS standardisation mark | Kenya Bureau of Standards conformity | KEBS | Buyer to confirm applicable scheme and permit pathway |
Consolidated index of every factual claim on this page. Citations are numbered and referenced in-line above.
| # | Claim / fact | URL | Issuer | Access date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IEC 61851-1 (general AC EVSE requirements) — scope and publication | https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/33644 | IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) | 2026-09-21 |
| 2 | IEC 62196-2 (plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle couplers) | https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/25321 | IEC | 2026-09-21 |
| 3 | EU Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU — CE electrical safety | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/35/oj | EUR-Lex (Official Journal of the EU) | 2026-09-21 |
| 4 | EU EMC Directive 2014/30/EU — CE electromagnetic compatibility | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/30/oj | EUR-Lex | 2026-09-21 |
| 5 | UN Regulation No. 100 (REESS / EV battery safety) | https://unece.org/transport/vehicle-regulations/regulations/regulation-no-100-rev-3 | UNECE WP.29 | 2026-09-21 |
| 6 | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev. 7 (Li-ion transport classification) | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria-rev7 | UNECE | 2026-09-21 |
| 7 | OCPP 2.0.1 specification page (Open Charge Alliance) | https://www.openchargealliance.org/protocols/ocpp-21/ | Open Charge Alliance | 2026-09-21 |
| 8 | ICC Incoterms 2020 rules (Publication 723E) | https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/ | International Chamber of Commerce | 2026-09-21 |
| 9 | Kenya Revenue Authority — iTAX Tariff portal (HS national lines, EAC CET) | https://www.kra.go.ke/ | Kenya Revenue Authority | 2026-09-21 |
| 10 | USITC HTSUS — HS 8703.80 (electric passenger vehicles) | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8703.80 | US International Trade Commission | 2026-09-21 |
| 11 | USITC HTSUS — HS 8504.40 (static converters) | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8504.40 | USITC | 2026-09-21 |
| 12 | USITC HTSUS — HS 8541.40 (photovoltaic cells) | https://hts.usitc.gov/?query=8541.40 | USITC | 2026-09-21 |
| 13 | BYD ATTO 3 / Yuan Plus product page (OEM) | https://www.byd.com/eu/car-list/atto-3 | BYD Auto | 2026-09-21 |
| 14 | Sungrow iACCHARGER 22 kW product page (OEM) | https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/iaccharger | Sungrow Power Supply | 2026-09-21 |
| 15 | Huawei FusionCharge AC EVSE product page (OEM) | https://e.huawei.com/en/ebranch/enterprise/business/smart-pv/fusioncharge | Huawei Digital Power | 2026-09-21 |
| 16 | Huawei SUN2000 string inverter product page (OEM) | https://e.huawei.com/en/ebranch/enterprise/business/smart-pv/smart-pv-solution/sun2000 | Huawei Digital Power | 2026-09-21 |
| 17 | LONGi Hi-MO 5 product page (OEM) | https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/hi-mo5/ | LONGi Green Energy | 2026-09-21 |
| 18 | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo product page (OEM) | https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/product/Tiger_Neo.html | JinkoSolar | 2026-09-21 |
| 19 | Trina Solar Vertex S+ product page (OEM) | https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/products | Trina Solar | 2026-09-21 |
| 20 | Sungrow SG series inverter product page (OEM) | https://en.sungrowpower.com/product/sg | Sungrow Power Supply | 2026-09-21 |
| 21 | Growatt MIN/MOD series inverter product page (OEM) | https://www.ginverter.com/Product-list/MIN-TL-X.html | Growatt New Energy | 2026-09-21 |
| 22 | EVE Energy LF280K cell datasheet (LFP prismatic reference) | https://www.evebattery.com/en/product/LF280K.html | EVE Energy Co., Ltd. | 2026-09-21 |
| 23 | Kenya Power (KPLC) tariff schedule reference | https://www.kplc.co.ke/tarrif | Kenya Power and Lighting Company | 2026-09-21 |
| 24 | OCPP 1.6 specification page | https://www.openchargealliance.org/protocols/ocpp-16/ | Open Charge Alliance | 2026-09-21 |
| 25 | Tariff basis — 0.18 USD/kWh supply (model input) | https://www.kplc.co.ke/tarrif | KPLC tariff schedule (cited) | 2026-09-21 |
| 26 | Tariff basis — 0.32 USD/kWh retail ≈ KSh 41/kWh FX (model input) | https://www.kplc.co.ke/tarrif | KPLC / public-charging retail reference (cited) | 2026-09-21 |
| 27 | Indicative cost lines (Tradvolt indicative) | /rfq/ | Tradvolt internal TCO model (confirmed in RFQ) | 2026-09-21 |
Submit the form below; the Tradvolt team replies within 48 hours with a quotation, datasheets for the selected models (BYD ATTO 3, Sungrow iACCHARGER, Huawei SUN2000, LONGi/Jinko/Trina modules as applicable), the applicable IEC / CE / UN R100 certificate set, and a confirmed Kenya duty stack snapshot from KRA iTAX.
Indicative simple payback ≈ 0.0787 yr (≈ 29 days), discounted payback ≈ 0.0850 yr (≈ 31 days), at 8.00 % discount rate over a 25-year horizon — per the computed Tradvolt TCO model. The result is dominated by the recurring annual benefit of USD 48,400/yr, which dwarfs the year-0 CapEx of USD 3,783. Final payback depends on the Kenya duty stack lookup against KRA iTAX.
The reference EV is a BYD ATTO 3 (also marketed as BYD Yuan Plus) with a CATL / BYD blade LFP battery. Reference AC EVSE is the Sungrow iACCHARGER 22 kW (OCPP 1.6J); a Huawei FusionCharge AC is the alternative reference. Site solar references are LONGi Hi-MO 5m, Jinko Tiger Neo and Trina Vertex S+ modules, paired with Huawei SUN2000, Sungrow SG or Growatt MIN/MOD inverters. Battery cell reference is EVE LF280K (LFP prismatic). Datasheet URLs are in the Sources section.
Rates are PENDING — lookup against the official Kenya Revenue Authority iTAX tariff portal. HS national lines are typically 8703.80 (electric passenger vehicles), 8504 / 8537 (static converters / EVSE), and 8541.40 (PV cells). The duty stack typically comprises Import Duty (EAC CET), Import Declaration Fee (IDF), Railway Development Levy (RDL), VAT, and a Standards Administration Fee (SAF); excise may apply to 8703.80. Tradvolt confirms the exact codes and rates in the quotation.
Request the OEM's test reports and Declaration of Conformity for IEC 61851-1 (general AC EVSE) and IEC 62196-2 (plugs and sockets). For the EV, request UN Regulation No. 100 (R100) REESS evidence and transport classification under the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (Rev. 7). For the EU reference framework, request CE marking evidence under the Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU and the EMC Directive 2014/30/EU. For Kenya, confirm with the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) which permits or standards marks apply to imported EVs and EV charging equipment.
CapEx covers the unit (EV + EVSE + accessories), packaging, sea freight, insurance, customs duties and taxes, inland transport, civil works, electrical installation and commissioning. OpEx is recurring: grid energy, cellular / back-office connectivity (OCPP SaaS), preventive maintenance, spare parts reserve, and site-level insurance. The scenario model uses an OpEx base of USD 355/yr in year 1 escalating at 2.00 %/yr.
Most buyers select FOB Shanghai or Ningbo if they have a nominated forwarder, CIF Mombasa if they prefer Tradvolt to arrange ocean freight with insurance, or DAP project site (Kenya) if they want Tradvolt to handle Mombasa clearance and inland delivery. DDP is available on request and depends on the buyer's tax registration in Kenya. ICC Incoterms 2020 govern all options.