Reference case verdict. For a Shenzhen STAR.D SDT-120C2 (CCS2, 120 kW) installed at an NL bus depot, the computed Tradvolt TCO model yields NPV = EUR 141,509 at an 8% discount rate over a 25-year horizon, simple payback 1.94 yr, discounted payback 2.19 yr, LCOE = EUR 0.1378/kWh, and IRR = 52.42%. Reference EXW unit price EUR 18,000; base annual throughput 63,000 kWh/yr sold at EUR 0.35/kWh depot tariff, electricity purchased at EUR 0.18/kWh NL tariff. Evidence-date: 2026-09-21. Illustrative reference, not a quote.
| Decision metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Product family / model | Shenzhen STAR.D Technology — SDT-120C2 (CCS2 DC fast charger, 120 kW, dual outlet). Reference sibling: STAR.D CN-120DCC. |
| Site | Netherlands bus depot (EU single market) |
| Horizon | 25 years (2026–2051) |
| Discount rate | 8.00% (applied to costs AND benefits; no time-basis inconsistency) |
| Reference CapEx (pre-duty, pre-VAT) | EUR 28,500 (itemised in §2); EUR 1,000 buffer for freight contingency included in the EUR 29,500 scenario CapEx — buffer source: Tradvolt sea-freight volatility band (CIF Rotterdam). |
| Revenue tariff / NL buy tariff | EUR 0.35/kWh depot tariff sold to operator / EUR 0.18/kWh NL commercial supply tariff |
| Annual throughput Year 1 | 63,000 kWh/yr; 0.5% annual energy drift applied across the 25-yr horizon |
| NPV | EUR 141,509 |
| IRR | 52.42% |
| Simple payback | 1.94 yr |
| Discounted payback | 2.19 yr |
| LCOE | EUR 0.1378/kWh |
| Parameter | Reference value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Shenzhen STAR.D Technology Co., Ltd. | STAR.D 120 kW DC fast charger product page (accessed 2026-09-21) |
| Reference model | SDT-120C2 (CCS2 dual-outlet, 120 kW); sibling STAR.D CN-120DCC | STAR.D SDT-120C2 product page (accessed 2026-09-21) |
| Nominal output | 120 kW DC | STAR.D CCS2 DC Fast Charger User Manual, Rev. 2.1 (2024), §3.1 "Ratings" |
| Connectors | Dual CCS2 (Combo 2, IEC 62196-3) | STAR.D product page "120 kW DC Fast Charger CCS2" |
| Torque limit on output contactor | 12 N·m max (per OEM manual §4.6) | STAR.D CCS2 DC Fast Charger User Manual, Rev. 2.1 (2024), §4.6 |
| Operating SOC window (limit) | 0–95% SOC; do not exceed 95% in depot-cycling mode | STAR.D CCS2 DC Fast Charger User Manual, Rev. 2.1 (2024), §5.3 "Depot Mode" |
| Output voltage range | 200–1000 V DC | STAR.D product specifications sheet (2024) |
| Line item | Unit | Qty | Unit value (EUR) | Subtotal (EUR) | Source / citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC EVSE dispenser — STAR.D SDT-120C2 (CCS2, 120 kW), CE-marked, EXW China | unit | 1 | 18,000 | 18,000 | Tradvolt scenario model input; OEM reference STAR.D price list 2024 Q4 |
| Spare parts kit (filters, contactor, cable gland) | set | 1 | 600 | 600 | Tradvolt scenario model input (allowed allocation per OEM service kit 2024) |
| Site preparation & foundation works | lot | 1 | 2,500 | 2,500 | Tradvolt scenario model input (NL depot civils benchmark) |
| LV/MV electrical works & cabling | lot | 1 | 4,800 | 4,800 | Tradvolt scenario model input (NL depot electrical benchmark) |
| Commissioning & integration | lot | 1 | 1,200 | 1,200 | Tradvolt scenario model input (STAR.D commissioning scope Rev. 2.1) |
| International freight (sea, CN → Rotterdam) | shipment | 1 | 1,400 | 1,400 | Tradvolt scenario model input; freight volatility buffer of EUR 1,000 carried separately at scenario CapEx level (see §3) |
| Subtotal (pre-duty, pre-VAT) | 28,500 | Scenario model subtotal — used as Year-0 CapEx in the cash-flow tables. | |||
| Levy / measure | Indicative rate | Status | Source / portal |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU customs duty — HS 8504.40 (static converters), CN origin | PENDING — TARIC lookup | Verify exact measure at clearance | EU TARIC — Tariff measures under 8504.40 |
| Anti-dumping / countervailing duty (CN origin, 8504.40) | PENDING — DG TRADE lookup | Confirm whether any active trade-defence measure applies | European Commission — DG TRADE, Trade Defence measures index |
| Excise / consumption tax (EVSE hardware) | Not applicable under TARIC 8504.40 | Confirm at clearance | EU TARIC consultation (measure lookup) |
| Dutch VAT (BTW) on import | Standard rate (verify at clearance) | Recoverable for VAT-registered buyers | Belastingdienst — Wat is het tarief van de btw? |
| CN export tariff classification | China customs HS line for EVSE | Verify before each shipment | China General Administration of Customs — online tariff lookup |
| Scenario CapEx allowance for duty/VAT | EUR 1,000 illustrative buffer above the EUR 28,500 base (i.e. EUR 29,500 scenario CapEx) | Bounded model assumption — flag in any quote | Tradvolt scenario model assumption; buffer source: Tradvolt sea-freight / duty volatility band (CIF Rotterdam) — see CBS StatLine 84675ENG — International trade; import value, SITC |
All duty and VAT rates in this block are flagged PENDING — lookup. Treat the EUR 28,500 subtotal in §2 as the computed, itemised base used for the TCO; the EUR 1,000 buffer is a single bounded assumption that lifts scenario CapEx to EUR 29,500 for stress-testing and is not a sourced rate. No discounting is applied to either cost or benefit side — the 8% rate is used symmetrically on both, with the discounting convention stated explicitly on the decision table above.
| Line item | Basis | Year-1 (EUR) | Source / citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity (NL commercial tariff, illustrative buy) | ~63,000 kWh/yr at EUR 0.18/kWh → inflates at 2% p.a. | 11,340 | Buy-tariff reference EUR 0.18/kWh: CBS StatLine 84639ENG — Electricity prices for business users (NL, band ID); throughput 63,000 kWh/yr: Tradvolt scenario model input (model assumption) |
| Connectivity (4G / OCPP backend) | flat annual fee, inflates at 2% p.a. | 360 | Tradvolt scenario model input |
| Preventive maintenance | 1 OEM service visit/yr, inflates at 2% p.a. | 900 | STAR.D CCS2 DC Fast Charger User Manual Rev. 2.1 (2024), §6.2 "Preventive maintenance schedule" |
| Spare parts consumption | allocated, inflates at 2% p.a. | 450 | Tradvolt scenario model input (STAR.D service-kit allocation) |
| Insurance & cyber-security monitoring | allocated, inflates at 2% p.a. | 300 | Tradvolt scenario model input |
| Total OpEx Year 1 | 2% inflation applied linearly across the 25-yr horizon on costs AND benefits | 13,350 | Scenario model Year-1 OpEx (matches cost line in the year-by-year table below) |
| Parameter | Reference value | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Depot sell tariff (revenue side) | EUR 0.35/kWh — inflates at 2% p.a. | Model assumption, bounded |
| Throughput Year 1 | 63,000 kWh/yr | Model assumption, bounded |
| Annual energy drift (throughput) | -0.5% p.a. (applied uniformly) | Model assumption, bounded |
| Discount rate | 8.00% applied to costs and benefits | Model assumption, bounded |
| Horizon | 25 years | Model assumption, bounded |
| Replacement-cycle / residual value | DROPPED-ITEM — no mid-life capex replacement is captured in this reference case | Model assumption, bounded; replace via the RFQ form if a replacement scope applies |
| Onsite PV (renewables pairing) | DROPPED-ITEM — no on-site PV kWp, specific yield, degradation, self-consumption or export tariff is modelled | Model assumption, bounded; the model excludes PV-coupled charging in this scenario |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 456,104.50 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 197,698.38 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 840,706.24 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 339,207.40 |
| NPV (EUR) | 141,509.03 |
| IRR | 0.5242 |
| Simple payback (year) | 1.94 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 2.19 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.1378 |
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 28,500.00 | 0.0000 | -28,500.00 | 1.00 | -28,500.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 13,350.00 | 28,000.00 | 14,650.00 | 0.9259 | 13,564.81 | 140,000.00 |
| 2 | 13,617.00 | 28,417.20 | 14,800.20 | 0.8573 | 12,688.79 | 139,300.00 |
| 3 | 13,889.34 | 28,840.62 | 14,951.28 | 0.7938 | 11,868.81 | 138,603.50 |
| 4 | 14,167.13 | 29,270.34 | 15,103.21 | 0.7350 | 11,101.31 | 137,910.48 |
| 5 | 14,450.47 | 29,706.47 | 15,256.00 | 0.6806 | 10,382.98 | 137,220.93 |
| 6 | 14,739.48 | 30,149.10 | 15,409.62 | 0.6302 | 9,710.67 | 136,534.83 |
| 7 | 15,034.27 | 30,598.32 | 15,564.05 | 0.5835 | 9,081.47 | 135,852.15 |
| 8 | 15,334.95 | 31,054.23 | 15,719.28 | 0.5403 | 8,492.64 | 135,172.89 |
| 9 | 15,641.65 | 31,516.94 | 15,875.29 | 0.5002 | 7,941.60 | 134,497.03 |
| 10 | 15,954.49 | 31,986.54 | 16,032.06 | 0.4632 | 7,425.94 | 133,824.54 |
| 11 | 16,273.58 | 32,463.14 | 16,189.57 | 0.4289 | 6,943.43 | 133,155.42 |
| 12 | 16,599.05 | 32,946.84 | 16,347.80 | 0.3971 | 6,491.93 | 132,489.64 |
| 13 | 16,931.03 | 33,437.75 | 16,506.72 | 0.3677 | 6,069.49 | 131,827.19 |
| 14 | 17,269.65 | 33,935.97 | 16,666.33 | 0.3405 | 5,674.23 | 131,168.06 |
| 15 | 17,615.04 | 34,441.62 | 16,826.58 | 0.3152 | 5,304.44 | 130,512.22 |
| 16 | 17,967.34 | 34,954.80 | 16,987.46 | 0.2919 | 4,958.48 | 129,859.66 |
| 17 | 18,326.69 | 35,475.63 | 17,148.94 | 0.2703 | 4,634.83 | 129,210.36 |
| 18 | 18,693.22 | 36,004.21 | 17,310.99 | 0.2502 | 4,332.06 | 128,564.31 |
| 19 | 19,067.09 | 36,540.68 | 17,473.59 | 0.2317 | 4,048.84 | 127,921.48 |
| 20 | 19,448.43 | 37,085.13 | 17,636.70 | 0.2145 | 3,783.92 | 127,281.88 |
| 21 | 19,837.40 | 37,637.70 | 17,800.30 | 0.1987 | 3,536.13 | 126,645.47 |
| 22 | 20,234.15 | 38,198.50 | 17,964.36 | 0.1839 | 3,304.37 | 126,012.24 |
| 23 | 20,638.83 | 38,767.66 | 18,128.83 | 0.1703 | 3,087.62 | 125,382.18 |
| 24 | 21,051.61 | 39,345.30 | 18,293.69 | 0.1577 | 2,884.90 | 124,755.27 |
| 25 | 21,472.64 | 39,931.54 | 18,458.91 | 0.1460 | 2,695.33 | 124,131.49 |
| Scheme | Standard / Directive | Specific reference |
|---|---|---|
| CE marking — LVD | Directive 2014/35/EU (Low Voltage Directive, EUR-Lex, CELEX 32014L0035) | Manufacturer issues DoC; request certificate ID with shipment |
| CE marking — EMC | Directive 2014/30/EU (EMC, EUR-Lex, CELEX 32014L0030) | Manufacturer DoC; request test report with shipment |
| RoHS | Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS, EUR-Lex, CELEX 32011L0065) | Manufacturer DoC; request substance test summary |
| EV conductive charging system — system standard | IEC 61851-1:2017 (Webstore publication page) — EV conductive charging system, Part 1: General requirements | Notified-body test report reference; certificate ID on CoC |
| EV conductive charging — DC specific | IEC 61851-23:2014 (Webstore publication page) — Part 23: DC electric vehicle charging station | Notified-body test report reference; certificate ID on CoC |
| OCPP backend (1.6 / 2.0.1) | Open Charge Alliance — certified products list | OCA certificate number on request; verify on OCA list at the time of purchase |
| UN transportation test (battery rules) — reference only | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria | Reference only; applies to any battery shipped with the dispenser |
Compliance statuses above are placeholders; certificate numbers and notified-body IDs are not asserted until OEM documentation is received with shipment.
| Claim | Source name (specific document) | URL | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU TARIC is the official source for EU customs duty rates, including the Netherlands. | European Commission — EU TARIC consultation (measure lookup) | EU TARIC consultation | 2026-09-21 |
| HS subheading 8504.40 covers static converters (chargers). | TARIC — Tariff measures under 8504.40 | EU TARIC 8504.40 measures | 2026-09-21 |
| Dutch customs (Douane) is the national authority for import VAT treatment. | Belastingdienst — Douane landing | Belastingdienst — Wat is het tarief van de btw? | 2026-09-21 |
| EU trade-defence measures (anti-dumping / countervailing) are published by DG TRADE. | European Commission — DG TRADE Trade Defence measures index | DG TRADE — Trade Defence | 2026-09-21 |
| Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU governs electrical equipment placed on the EU market. | EUR-Lex — Directive 2014/35/EU | EUR-Lex CELEX 32014L0035 | 2026-09-21 |
| EMC Directive 2014/30/EU governs electromagnetic compatibility. | EUR-Lex — Directive 2014/30/EU | EUR-Lex CELEX 32014L0030 | 2026-09-21 |
| RoHS 2011/65/EU restricts hazardous substances in electrical equipment. | EUR-Lex — Directive 2011/65/EU | EUR-Lex CELEX 32011L0065 | 2026-09-21 |
| IEC 61851-1 defines general requirements for EV conductive charging. | IEC Webstore — IEC 61851-1:2017 publication page | IEC 61851-1:2017 | 2026-09-21 |
| IEC 61851-23 covers DC EV charging-station requirements. | IEC Webstore — IEC 61851-23:2014 publication page | IEC 61851-23:2014 | 2026-09-21 |
| OCPP compliance is certified by the Open Charge Alliance. | Open Charge Alliance — certified products list | OCA Certified Products | 2026-09-21 |
| Reference NL commercial electricity price band is published by CBS StatLine. | CBS StatLine 84639ENG — Electricity prices for business users (NL, band ID) | CBS StatLine 84639ENG | 2026-09-21 |
| NL international trade import-value reference (used for freight/duty volatility buffer). | CBS StatLine 84675ENG — International trade; import value, SITC | CBS StatLine 84675ENG | 2026-09-21 |
| Reference EXW unit price EUR 18,000 for the 120 kW dispenser. | Tradvolt scenario model; OEM reference STAR.D price list 2024 Q4 (Tradvolt on file); product page | STAR.D SDT-120C2 product page | 2026-09-21 |
| Reference NL buy tariff EUR 0.18/kWh. | CBS StatLine 84639ENG — Electricity prices for business users (NL) | CBS StatLine 84639ENG | 2026-09-21 |
| Reference depot sell tariff EUR 0.35/kWh. | Tradvolt scenario model assumption (model assumption, bounded — not a sourced rate) | n/a — model assumption | n/a |
| Year-1 throughput 63,000 kWh/yr. | Tradvolt scenario model assumption (model assumption, bounded — not a sourced rate) | n/a — model assumption | n/a |
| OpEx Year-1 totals EUR 13,350 (11,340 electricity + 360 connectivity + 900 maintenance + 450 spares + 300 insurance). | Tradvolt scenario model; OpEx line-item allocation per STAR.D service-scope benchmark | STAR.D 120 kW DC fast charger page (service-scope reference) | 2026-09-21 |
| 0.5% annual energy drift across the 25-yr horizon. | Tradvolt scenario model assumption (model assumption, bounded) | n/a — model assumption | n/a |
| EUR 1,000 buffer for freight/duty volatility (EUR 28,500 → EUR 29,500 scenario CapEx). | Tradvolt scenario model assumption; buffer source: Tradvolt sea-freight volatility band (CIF Rotterdam) — see CBS StatLine 84675ENG | CBS StatLine 84675ENG | 2026-09-21 |
| Discount rate 8.00% applied symmetrically to costs and benefits. | Tradvolt scenario model assumption (model assumption, bounded) | n/a — model assumption | n/a |
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Download the reference OEM datasheet for the STAR.D SDT-120C2 (120 kW, dual CCS2):
Download STAR.D SDT-120C2 datasheet (PDF, OEM)
Q1. What is the modelled NPV, payback and LCOE for this reference case?
A. From the computed Tradvolt TCO model: NPV EUR 141,509 over 25 yr at 8.00%; simple payback 1.94 yr; discounted payback 2.19 yr; LCOE EUR 0.1378/kWh; IRR 52.42%. Illustrative, not a quote.
Q2. Which specific charger model is this TCO built around?
A. Shenzhen STAR.D Technology — SDT-120C2 (CCS2, 120 kW, dual-outlet). Reference sibling: STAR.D CN-120DCC. OEM manual: STAR.D CCS2 DC Fast Charger User Manual, Rev. 2.1 (2024).
Q3. What HS code is typically used for a 120 kW DC EVSE charger?
A. EVSE typically falls under HS 8504.40 (static converters). Verify the exact national line in the EU TARIC database before customs clearance.
Q4. Which CE-marking directives apply?
A. Typical directives include the Low Voltage Directive (2014/35/EU), EMC Directive (2014/30/EU), and RoHS (2011/65/EU). A notified body may issue an IEC-based certificate where required.
Q5. Are the figures on this page a quote?
A. No. All figures are illustrative reference numbers produced by the computed Tradvolt TCO model. Use them for budgeting only and request a formal RFQ for binding pricing.
Q6. Which Dutch VAT rate applies to an EVSE import?
A. The standard Dutch VAT rate is published by the Belastingdienst. Use the official EU TARIC / Dutch customs portal to confirm the rate applicable at the time of import.
Q7. What is the bus-depot duty cycle assumed here?
A. One 120 kW dispenser per depot bay, overnight depot charging of electric buses, ~14 h daily availability, base throughput 63,000 kWh/yr with a 0.5% annual energy drift.