Verdict (computed, model-locked): A 2,000 kWp DC rooftop PV array plus a 1 MW / 2 MWh BESS retrofit on a US convention center, evaluated over a 25-year horizon at a 7.00% discount rate, returns NPV = USD 1,209,481.81, simple payback = 9.14 years, discounted payback = 14.57 years, and LCOE = USD 0.1222 / kWh. Equipment family: LONGi Hi-MO 5 / Hi-MO 7 series PV modules, Sungrow SG125CX / CX-P2 string inverters, CATL EnerC-plus liquid-cooled LFP BESS. Location class: mid-South / mid-Atlantic US commercial site (180,000 ft² exhibit hall, M–Fri daytime HVAC + lighting peak). Evidence date: 2026-09-22 (scenario model run). Limitation: All tax-equity, customs classification, and tariff inputs are buyer-action items; see Section 6.
| Metric | Value | Unit / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Currency | USD | nominal cash flows |
| Analysis horizon | 25 | years |
| Discount rate | 7.00 | % / yr (WACC, model default) |
| Total undiscounted cost (life) | 4,406,085.34 | USD |
| Total discounted cost (PV of costs) | 3,682,771.52 | USD |
| Total undiscounted benefit (life) | 11,224,706.49 | USD |
| Total discounted benefit | 4,892,253.32 | USD |
| NPV | 1,209,481.81 | USD |
| IRR | 0.1064 | 10.64 % |
| Simple payback | 9.14 | years |
| Discounted payback | 14.57 | years |
| LCOE | 0.1222 | USD / kWh |
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Source / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV module family | LONGi Hi-MO 5 (LR5-72HBD) / Hi-MO 7 (LR7-72HGD) — bifacial monocrystalline PERC / HPBC | — | LONGi product catalogue; module name confirmed at RFQ against BOM. |
| String inverter family | Sungrow SG125CX / SG125CX-P2 three-phase string inverter (1500 Vdc) | — | Sungrow product catalogue; firmware and rev confirmed at RFQ. |
| BESS family | CATL EnerC-plus liquid-cooled LFP container (1 MW / 2 MWh class) | — | CATL EnerC product line; cell chemistry, C-rate, and UL 9540 / UL 9540A listing confirmed at RFQ. |
| Mounting | K2 Systems rail + clamp kit (commercial flat-roof, ballasted or mechanically attached) | — | K2 Systems catalogue; rail/kit model + installation manual rev confirmed. |
| DC capacity | 2,000 | kWp | Model input (sizing assumption). |
| DC/AC ratio | 1.20 | — | Model input. |
| AC nameplate | 1,667 | kWac | Computed: 2,000 / 1.20. |
| Specific yield (year 1) | 1,350 | kWh / kWp / yr | Model input; buyer to re-run NREL PVWatts at exact site coordinates. |
| Annual DC degradation | 0.5 | % / yr | Model input. |
| BESS round-trip efficiency | 88 | % | Model input. |
| Self-consumed share | 70 | % of generation | Model input (load-shape assumption). |
| Exported share | 30 | % of generation | Balance. |
| Blended retail tariff (year 1) | 0.145 | USD / kWh | Model input; escalates at 2.5 % / yr (Section 6 buyer lookup). |
| Exported / NEM rate | 0.095 | USD / kWh | Model input; buyer lookup at state PUC tariff. |
| Demand charge | 22.00 | USD / kW-month | Model input; buyer lookup at utility tariff sheet. |
| Demand reduction (BESS) | 600 | kW | Model input. |
| CapEx — PV modules | 0.28 | USD / Wp | Model input. |
| CapEx — BoS + EPC (PV) | 0.78 | USD / Wp | Model input. |
| CapEx — BESS turnkey | 520 | USD / kWh | Model input. |
| Inverter replacement (year 15) | 0.10 | USD / Wac | Model input (166,700 USD undiscounted; recompute in Section 3). |
| OpEx — fixed | 1.0 | % of gross CapEx / yr | Model input. |
| Discount rate (WACC) | 7.0 | % | Model default for C&I commercial credit. |
| Analysis horizon | 25 | years | Model input. |
| Inflation (energy tariff) | 2.5 | % / yr | Model input. |
| Residual value (explicit bounded default) | 0.00 | USD | Model default (no salvage credit at horizon end). |
| Residual value year (explicit bounded default) | 25 | yr | Model default (applied at horizon end; value = 0). |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 7.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 4,406,085.34 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 3,682,771.52 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 11,224,706.49 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 4,892,253.32 |
| NPV (USD) | 1,209,481.81 |
| IRR | 0.1064 |
| Simple payback (year) | 9.14 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 14.57 |
| LCOE (USD/kWh) | 0.1222 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 3,160,000.00 | 0.0000 | -3,160,000.00 | 1.00 | -3,160,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 31,600.00 | 351,000.00 | 319,400.00 | 0.9346 | 298,504.67 | 2,700,000.00 |
| 2 | 32,390.00 | 357,976.12 | 325,586.12 | 0.8734 | 284,379.53 | 2,686,500.00 |
| 3 | 33,199.75 | 365,090.90 | 331,891.15 | 0.8163 | 270,922.04 | 2,673,067.50 |
| 4 | 34,029.74 | 372,347.08 | 338,317.34 | 0.7629 | 258,100.68 | 2,659,702.16 |
| 5 | 34,880.49 | 379,747.48 | 344,866.99 | 0.7130 | 245,885.40 | 2,646,403.65 |
| 6 | 35,752.50 | 387,294.96 | 351,542.46 | 0.6663 | 234,247.59 | 2,633,171.63 |
| 7 | 36,646.31 | 394,992.45 | 358,346.14 | 0.6227 | 223,159.96 | 2,620,005.78 |
| 8 | 37,562.47 | 402,842.92 | 365,280.45 | 0.5820 | 212,596.55 | 2,606,905.75 |
| 9 | 38,501.53 | 410,849.43 | 372,347.90 | 0.5439 | 202,532.58 | 2,593,871.22 |
| 10 | 39,464.07 | 419,015.06 | 379,550.99 | 0.5083 | 192,944.48 | 2,580,901.86 |
| 11 | 40,450.67 | 427,342.98 | 386,892.31 | 0.4751 | 183,809.75 | 2,567,997.35 |
| 12 | 41,461.94 | 435,836.43 | 394,374.49 | 0.4440 | 175,106.99 | 2,555,157.37 |
| 13 | 42,498.49 | 444,498.67 | 402,000.19 | 0.4150 | 166,815.79 | 2,542,381.58 |
| 14 | 43,560.95 | 453,333.09 | 409,772.14 | 0.3878 | 158,916.70 | 2,529,669.67 |
| 15 | 211,349.97 | 462,343.08 | 250,993.11 | 0.3624 | 90,971.45 | 2,517,021.32 |
| 16 | 45,766.22 | 471,532.15 | 425,765.93 | 0.3387 | 144,221.65 | 2,504,436.22 |
| 17 | 46,910.38 | 480,903.85 | 433,993.47 | 0.3166 | 137,391.22 | 2,491,914.03 |
| 18 | 48,083.14 | 490,461.81 | 442,378.68 | 0.2959 | 130,883.89 | 2,479,454.46 |
| 19 | 49,285.22 | 500,209.74 | 450,924.53 | 0.2765 | 124,684.39 | 2,467,057.19 |
| 20 | 50,517.35 | 510,151.41 | 459,634.07 | 0.2584 | 118,778.18 | 2,454,721.91 |
| 21 | 51,780.28 | 520,290.67 | 468,510.39 | 0.2415 | 113,151.39 | 2,442,448.30 |
| 22 | 53,074.79 | 530,631.45 | 477,556.66 | 0.2257 | 107,790.83 | 2,430,236.06 |
| 23 | 54,401.66 | 541,177.75 | 486,776.09 | 0.2109 | 102,683.90 | 2,418,084.87 |
| 24 | 55,761.70 | 551,933.66 | 496,171.96 | 0.1971 | 97,818.62 | 2,405,994.45 |
| 25 | 57,155.74 | 562,903.34 | 505,747.60 | 0.1842 | 93,183.58 | 2,393,964.48 |
Reconciliation note: the year-15 cost spike (USD 211,349.97 vs. ~USD 44,640 baseline) is the inverter-replacement event scheduled at 0.10 USD/Wac on the 1,667 kWac AC nameplate (166,700 USD undiscounted). At a 7.00% discount rate, its discounted contribution is 166,700 / (1.07)15 = 166,700 / 2.7590 ≈ USD 60,420 (R3).
The computed base case (Section 2) is locked: LCOE = USD 0.1222/kWh, simple payback = 9.14 yr, discounted payback = 14.57 yr. Sensitivity drivers that move the headline figures and that the buyer must re-run in their own workbook:
The COMPUTED TABLES in Sections 2 and 3 are the only computed numbers on this page. Recompute every sensitivity cell from the formulas in the computed workbook before issuing a PO.
None of the following lines assert that any specific shipment is certified. Each item is a buyer-side checklist line: confirm issuer + certificate number against the BOM and the EPC at RFQ award.
| Scope | Standard (full designation) | Issuer (lookup at RFQ) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV module safety qualification | UL 61730-1 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 1 | UL ProductDetail page | Buyer-action: request certificate copy + certificate number from module OEM (LONGi). |
| PV module safety qualification (Part 2) | UL 61730-2 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 2 (test methods) | UL ProductDetail (linked from the UL 61730-1 page above) | Buyer-action. |
| PV inverter / interconnection | UL 1741 (incl. CRD for grid support functions); IEEE 1547-2018 interconnection standard | UL Standards / IEEE Xplore | Buyer-action: confirm inverter firmware revision on the Sungrow datasheet (SG125CX / SG125CX-P2 family) supports the AHJ's adopted IEEE 1547-2018 category. |
| BESS — stationary application | UL 1973 Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | UL ProductDetail page | Buyer-action. |
| BESS — system-level + thermal runaway | UL 9540 Energy Storage Systems and Equipment / UL 9540A Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation | UL Standards | Buyer-action: request UL 9540A report from CATL for the EnerC-plus SKU. |
| Installation / commissioning | NABCEP PV Installation Professional certification; OSHA 1910.269 (electric power generation, transmission, distribution) | NABCEP / OSHA | Buyer-action: require NABCEP PVIP card numbers in EPC bid response. |
| EV conductive charging (if NEMA 14-50 / Level-2 chargers are added to the BESS hub) | IEC 61851-1:2017 Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1: General requirements | IEC Webstore document page | Optional scope: confirm if chargers are in scope; otherwise N/A. |
| Lithium battery transport | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7, §38.3 (UN 38.3 lithium battery provisions) | UNECE official page (canonical; bot-walled) | Buyer-action: require UN 38.3 test summary from BESS OEM and freight forwarder for any Li-ion shipments. |
The following lines are lookup paths, not duty or rate assertions. Rates are fact-sensitive by country of origin, FTA, Section 301 status, and binding CBP rulings. Confirm with a licensed customs broker before entry.
| Item | Suggested HS heading (lookup only) | Duty lookup path |
|---|---|---|
| Crystalline silicon PV cells | 8541.42 — Solar cells, photovoltaic | USITC HTS search; cross-check Section 301 list at CBP. |
| PV modules (assembled) | 8541.43 — Solar modules, photovoltaic | Same as above; CBP CROSS for binding ruling on BOM. |
| Li-ion battery cells | 8507.60 — Lithium-ion accumulators | USITC HTS search + CBP. |
| Li-ion BESS (power-conversion integrated) | 8504.40 (static converters) / 8507.60 (cells) | USITC HTS search; classification depends on integration form. |
| String inverter | 8504.40 — Static converters | USITC HTS search. |
| Tariff engineering (non-US buyers) | EU: TARIC | UK: UK Global Tariff | JP: Japan Customs | AU: ABF | ZA: SARS | GH: GRA | UG: URA | Verify destination country HS + duty at the cited official lookup tool. |
| Battery regulation (EU destination) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 — EU Battery Regulation | EUR-Lex official page. |
| US federal tax credit (informational; not modelled) | Inflation Reduction Act, Internal Revenue Code §48 — Investment Tax Credit (current statutory rate) | Statutory text; confirm rate, basis adders (energy community, domestic content), and prevailing-wage/apprenticeship requirements with your tax advisor. |
| US commercial retail tariff | EIA state commercial electricity price | Lookup at the EIA state profile; confirm against buyer's utility tariff sheet. |
| US state NEM / export compensation | State PUC net-metering or avoided-cost tariff | Lookup at the destination state PUC; rates and successor-tariff status (NEM 3.0 etc.) vary. |
| Incoterms (freight) | ICC Incoterms® 2020 rules | ICC official page. |
| Wood packaging (ISPM 15) | IPPC ISPM 15 (international standards for phytosanitary measures no. 15) | IPPC ISPM list. |
| Dangerous goods (Li-ion freight) | IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations | IATA DGR programme page; freight forwarder must hold a current IATA DGR certification. |
Request a sealed RFQ — Convention Center 2 MWp PV + 1 MW / 2 MWh BESS
Disclaimer: Tradvolt publishes models for procurement decision support. Items labelled "buyer-action" or "lookup" must be confirmed by the buyer against site conditions, utility tariff, customs classification, and tax structure. The COMPUTED TABLES in Sections 2 and 3 are the only computed numbers on this page. None of the figures here constitute investment, tax, customs, or engineering advice. Recompute every cell in your own workbook before issuing a PO.