Tradvolt › Green-Tech Export › Use Cases › Carport 580W — Import to Romania

Verdict (computed model, 25-year horizon, 8.00% discount rate, evidence-date 2026-09-22): For a 20-module (11.6 kWp) array of LONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580 W monocrystalline PV modules on K2 Systems rail, shipped CN → RO by sea freight to Constanța, the model returns NPV ≈ +75.17 USD, IRR ≈ 0.0812, discounted payback ≈ 24.36 years, simple payback ≈ 10.98 years, and LCOE ≈ 0.0875 USD/kWh over a 25-year horizon. The project is marginally NPV-positive at the assumed tariff (0.085 USD/kWh), 70% self-consumption, 1,150 kWh/kWp specific yield and 0.82 PR; the discounted payback exceeds the asset's 25-year horizon, so the headline economics depend critically on terminal-year tariff and self-consumption assumptions. Limitation: the EU TARIC duty on HS 8541.43.00, the Romanian VAT rate, the JRC PVGIS site yield, the named Romanian EPC, the freight forwarder and the CBTL certificate ID are not named on this reference page and are filled at RFQ.
Decision snapshot — LONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580W, CN→RO carport (20 modules / 11.6 kWp)
Decision metricValueNotes / source
Equipment / OEMLONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580 W (144 half-cells, monocrystalline)LONGi Hi-MO 5m family page — https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/hi-mo-5m/ (datasheet PDF confirmed at RFQ)
MountingK2 Systems rail kit (specific kit model + manual revision confirmed at RFQ)K2 Systems N-Rack system — https://k2-systems.com/en/product-solutions/k2-n-rack-system/ (carport/rail kit datasheet PDF confirmed at RFQ)
Location / siteRomania (Constanța port → inland site)JRC PVGIS — https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/ (site-specific query regenerated at RFQ)
Horizon25 yearsModel default (bounded assumption)
Discount rate8.00 %Model default (bounded assumption)
NPV (USD)75.17Computed TCO table
IRR0.0812Computed TCO table
Simple payback (yr)10.98Computed TCO table
Discounted payback (yr)24.36Computed TCO table
LCOE (USD/kWh)0.0875Computed TCO table
RecommendationMarginal — proceed only with RFQ-confirmed tariff > 0.085 USD/kWh and EU TARIC duty ≤ 0%Derived from computed tables

Request Quote — replies in 48h

1. Use-case & scope

Scope of the reference model
FieldValue
Use caseCarport 580 W (commercial / industrial parking canopy, Romania)
Module (OEM, model)LONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580 W — monocrystalline, 144 half-cells, 1500 V DC max system voltage per OEM datasheet
Mounting kitK2 Systems rail + clamps + earthing lugs (specific kit model + manual revision confirmed at RFQ)
Route (INCOTERMS 2020 ref.)EXW CN → CFR Constanța → DAP inland site (per ICC Incoterms 2020)
Reference array20 modules × 580 W = 11.6 kWp DC
Evidence date2026-09-22

Claim: LONGi markets the Hi-MO 5m family including the LR5-72HTH 580 W variant as a 144-half-cell monocrystalline module for utility / commercial scale. Source: LONGi Hi-MO 5m product family page. URL: https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/hi-mo-5m/. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Datasheet PDF is JS-rendered on LONGi's site; exact datasheet revision confirmed at RFQ.)

Claim: K2 Systems markets pitched and vertical PV mounting rail kits, including the N-Rack ground-mount family and S-Rack rail, for carport and rooftop applications. Source: K2 Systems N-Rack system page. URL: https://k2-systems.com/en/product-solutions/k2-n-rack-system/. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Carport / rail kit datasheet PDFs are bot-walled; kit model + manual revision confirmed at RFQ.)

Claim: ICC Incoterms 2020 is the official ICC publication defining EXW, FCA, FOB, CFR, CIF, DAP, DDP and other trade terms. Source: ICC. URL: https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

2. Model inputs (bounded assumptions)

Bounded model assumptions (explicit defaults — not sourced facts)
InputValueStatus
Horizon25 yearsModel default (bounded assumption)
Discount rate8.00 %Model default (bounded assumption)
CurrencyUSDModel default (bounded assumption)
PV specific yield (RO site)1,150 kWh / kWp / yrModel default — bounded against JRC PVGIS site query at RFQ
PV performance ratio0.82Model default — within IEA PVPS Trends in PV Applications 2024 PR bands
Tariff (self-consumed)0.085 USD / kWhModel default — confirm against Romanian PPA / ANRE tariff order at RFQ
Self-consumption share70 %Model default (bounded assumption)
PV degradation0.5 %/yr (implied; produces Year 25 = 11,827.96 kWh from Year 1 = 13,340.00 kWh)Model default (bounded assumption)
Tariff escalation2.0 %/yr (implied; produces +1.20% YoY benefit growth)Model default (bounded assumption)
Export tariff (residual share)0.0000 USD / kWh (residual terms priced into self-consumption tariff) — ZERO-AS-MISSINGModel default (bounded assumption)
Residual value0 USD (asset fully depreciated by year 25)Model default (bounded assumption)
Residual value yearn/aModel default (bounded assumption)
DROPPED CapEx line itemscapex[7].amount and capex[11].amount: DROPPED-ITEM (excluded from sum to keep model internally consistent)Model default (bounded assumption)

Claim: The JRC PVGIS tool (PVGIS-SARAH2) provides location-specific PV yield estimates for EU sites, used here as a bounding reference for the 1,150 kWh/kWp input. Source: European Commission JRC PVGIS. URL: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Direct PVGIS query URL is site-specific and regenerated at RFQ.)

Claim: IEA PVPS "Trends in PV Applications 2024" publishes typical performance-ratio bands for utility-scale and commercial PV, used here to bound the 0.82 PR default. Source: IEA-PVPS. URL: https://iea-pvps.org/trends-reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2024/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: Eurostat Data Browser publishes EU non-household electricity prices, used here as a bounding reference for the 0.085 USD/kWh self-consumption tariff default. Source: Eurostat. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Actual Romanian C&I tariff to be confirmed against ANRE / PPA at RFQ.)

3. Computed TCO summary (verbatim)

TCO summary
MetricValue
CurrencyUSD
Horizon (years)25
Discount rate8.00 %
Total undiscounted cost (USD)19,320.01
Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD)11,964.63
Total undiscounted benefit (USD)29,839.97
Total discounted benefit (USD)12,039.80
NPV (USD)75.17
IRR0.0812
Simple payback (year)10.98
Discounted payback (year)24.36
LCOE (USD/kWh)0.0875

4. Computed year-by-year cash flow (verbatim)

Year-by-year cash flow
YearCost (USD)Benefit (USD)Net (USD)Discount factorDiscounted net (USD)Energy (kWh)
07,148.500.0000-7,148.501.00-7,148.500.0000
1380.00993.83613.830.9259568.3613,340.00
2387.601,008.64621.040.8573532.4413,273.30
3395.351,023.67628.310.7938498.7813,206.93
4403.261,038.92635.660.7350467.2313,140.90
5411.321,054.40643.080.6806437.6713,075.19
6419.551,070.11650.560.6302409.9613,009.82
7427.941,086.05658.110.5835384.0012,944.77
8436.501,102.24665.740.5403359.6812,880.05
9445.231,118.66673.430.5002336.8812,815.65
10454.141,135.33681.190.4632315.5212,751.57
11463.221,152.24689.030.4289295.5112,687.81
12472.481,169.41696.930.3971276.7612,624.37
13481.931,186.84704.910.3677259.1912,561.25
14491.571,204.52712.950.3405242.7312,498.44
15501.401,222.47721.070.3152227.3112,435.95
16511.431,240.68729.250.2919212.8612,373.77
17521.661,259.17737.510.2703199.3312,311.90
18532.091,277.93745.840.2502186.6512,250.34
19542.731,296.97754.240.2317174.7712,189.09
20553.591,316.30762.710.2145163.6412,128.14
21564.661,335.91771.250.1987153.2112,067.50
22575.951,355.81779.860.1839143.4512,007.17
23587.471,376.02788.540.1703134.3011,947.13
24599.221,396.52797.300.1577125.7311,887.39
25611.211,417.33806.120.1460117.7111,827.96

5. Reference CapEx build-up (illustrative, not the COMPUTED TABLES)

This build-up is a sourcing/qualification checklist — not a methodology section. It explains what sits behind the Year-0 cost of 7,148.50 USD in the computed table above. The COMPUTED TABLES in §3–§4 are the only computed financial figures on this page.

Reference CapEx build-up for 11.6 kWp LONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580W array, CN→RO (illustrative only)
#Line itemUnitQtyUnit basis (USD)Subtotal (USD)
5.1LONGi Hi-MO 5m LR5-72HTH 580W PV module (EXW CN)pcs2085.001,700.00
5.2K2 Systems rail + clamps + earthing lugs (specific kit model + manual revision at RFQ)set2022.00440.00
5.3DC cabling harness (PV1-F, MC4-compatible)lot1180.00180.00
5.4Packaging & palletisation — ISPM 15 wood packaging compliantlot1120.00120.00
5.5Pre-shipment inspection (PSI) — nominated CBTL / accredited body (named at RFQ)lot1250.00250.00
5.6Ocean freight CN → Constanța (20 ft, FCL)shipment11,450.001,450.00
5.7Marine cargo insurance (≈0.35 % of CIF)lot114.5014.50
5.8EU import duty (HS 8541.43.00) — duty stack flagged PENDING — lookupRe-verify against EU TARIC for Romania at RFQPENDING
5.9Customs broker fee (Constanța)lot1180.00180.00
5.10Port handling + THC (Constanța)lot1220.00220.00
5.11Inland transport Constanța → site (truck)lot1520.00520.00
5.12Romanian VAT (cash-flow, recoverable for VAT-registered buyers)PENDING — lookup against ANAF at RFQ (verify current rate)PENDING
5.13EPC / mechanical install on carport steel (Romanian contractor — named at RFQ)kWp11.6140.001,624.00
5.14DC-side BoS + commissioninglot1450.00450.00
CapEx subtotal matching Year-0 (excluding PENDING duty/VAT and the two DROPPED-ITEM lines)7,148.50 USD

Claim: The EU TARIC consultation is the official source for HS classification and duty measures applicable in Romania. Source: European Commission — TARIC consultation. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: Photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels, are classified under HS subheading 8541.43.00 in the EU Combined Nomenclature / TARIC (bound to be verified against the current Romanian national line at RFQ). Source: World Customs Organization — Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS Nomenclature 2022 edition). URL: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/instrument-and-tools/hs-nomenclature-2022-edition. EU TARIC lookup: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: Wood packaging used in international trade must comply with ISPM 15 (IPPC ISPM standards). Source: IPPC — ISPM standards list. URL: https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: ICC Incoterms 2020 define CFR (Cost and Freight) for sea carriage to a named port, used here as the reference for the CN → Constanța leg; FIATA multimodal transport documents are referenced for the inland leg. Sources: ICC Incoterms 2020 — https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/; FIATA — https://fiata.org/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) apply if the consignment includes lithium battery storage (e.g., paired BESS); pure PV module shipments are non-hazardous for air / sea under normal circumstances. Source: IATA DGR — https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: ANAF is Romania's national fiscal authority and the computed source for VAT registration, VAT rate and import VAT cash-flow timing. Source: ANAF (lookup at https://www.anaf.ro). Accessed 2026-09-22.

6. Reference OpEx build-up (annual, illustrative)

Reference OpEx lines for 11.6 kWp carport PV (illustrative; Year-1 cost = 380.00 USD in the computed cash flow)
#Line itemAnnual (USD)
6.1Preventive cleaning (carport, 4×/yr)160.00
6.2IV-curve / thermography check (1×/yr)90.00
6.3Insurance (all-risk, asset)55.00
6.4Spare-parts reserve (connectors, fuses)30.00
6.5Monitoring SaaS (per site)45.00
OpEx total / yr (matches Year-1 cost row in computed cash flow)380.00

Claim: OpEx line items above are bounded operating-cost references consistent with IEA / IRENA O&M benchmark categories for utility-scale PV. Source: IEA — https://www.iea.org/. Accessed 2026-09-22.

7. Compliance & certifications

Compliance map (Crystalline-silicon PV module, EU market access)
#Standard / instrumentScopeIssuer / markStatus
7.1IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-1-1:2021 (design qualification, crystalline Si)Mechanical and electrical durability of the PV moduleAccredited CBTL (TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD / VDE) — issuer and certificate ID per OEM datasheetConfirm against OEM datasheet at RFQ
7.2IEC 61730-1:2016 / IEC 61730-2:2016 (PV module safety qualification)Electrical safety, mechanical safetyAccredited CBTL — issuer and certificate ID per OEM datasheetConfirm against OEM datasheet at RFQ
7.3UL 61730-1 (US market equivalent, cross-reference)PV module safety qualification (US)ULOptional — only if US shipment
7.4CE marking under LVD 2014/35/EU + EMC 2014/30/EUEU market access for electrical equipmentEU Declaration of Conformity by OEMRequest DoC from OEM at RFQ
7.5ANRE connection approval (RO)Grid connection in RomaniaAutoritatea Națională de Reglementare în Domeniul Energiei (ANRE)Project-specific — lodged at RFQ

Claim: IEC 61215-1:2021 "Photovoltaic (PV) modules — Design qualification and type approval — Part 1: Test requirements" and IEC 61215-1-1:2021 "… Part 1-1: Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon PV modules" are the current IEC design-qualification base standards for crystalline-silicon PV modules. Source: IEC Webstore catalogue. URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Cite IEC 61215-1:2021 and IEC 61215-1-1:2021 by full designation + edition in text; exact publication IDs not in the verified pack.)

Claim: IEC 61730-1:2016 "Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification — Part 1: Requirements for construction" and IEC 61730-2:2016 "… Part 2: Requirements for testing" are the current IEC safety-qualification standards for PV modules. Source: IEC Webstore catalogue. URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/. Accessed 2026-09-22. (Cite IEC 61730-1:2016 and IEC 61730-2:2016 by full designation + edition in text; exact publication IDs not in the verified pack.)

Claim: UL 61730-1 is the harmonised UL counterpart to IEC 61730-1. Source: UL Standards. URL: https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: CE marking under the Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU and the EMC Directive 2014/30/EU is required for electrical equipment placed on the EU market. Source: EUR-Lex CE marking legal framework. URL: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/ce-marking_en. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: ANRE is Romania's national energy regulator for grid connection. Source: ANRE — https://www.anre.ro. Accessed 2026-09-22.

8. Duty stack — CN → Romania

Duty-stack reference (re-verify at RFQ)
HS national lineProgramAs-ofRateSource of Truth
8541.43.00 (WCO HS Nomenclature 2022 — verify Romanian national line at RFQ)EU Common Customs Tariff — third-country duty on photovoltaic cells/modules2026-09-22PENDING — lookup against EU TARIC for RomaniaEU TARIC — https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en ; WCO HS Nomenclature 2022 — https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/instrument-and-tools/hs-nomenclature-2022-edition
n/aRomanian VAT (standard)2026-09-22PENDING — lookup against ANAF (verify current rate)ANAF (lookup at https://www.anaf.ro)
n/aExcise / environmental surcharge on PV modules2026-09-22PENDING — lookup against EU TARIC / ANAFEU TARIC + ANAF (links above)

Claim: EU TARIC is the official consultation tool for tariff measures applicable in Romania. Source: European Commission — TARIC consultation. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en. Accessed 2026-09-22.

Claim: ANAF is Romania's national fiscal authority. Source: ANAF (lookup at https://www.anaf.ro). Accessed 2026-09-22.

9. Interpretation guide

10. Request a quotation

Submit your project parameters — Tradvolt replies within 48 hours with INCOTERMS 2020 (ICC), lot pricing and lead time. The RFQ endpoint is the site path /rfq/ on tradvolt.com.

Reference page only. Numerical outputs are bounded TCO / landed-cost defaults for B2B planners, not a quote. EU TARIC duty on HS 8541.43.00, Romanian VAT rate and timing, ANRE tariff, named Romanian EPC, named CBTL, freight forwarder and JRC PVGIS site yield must be confirmed at RFQ before contracting.

Last updated 2026-09-22. Tradvolt — Green-Tech Export Use Cases.