Module family: Jinko Solar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V (N-type bifacial mono-PERC; datasheet PDF cited in §6).
Inverter family: Sungrow SG3125HV 3,125 kW central inverter, 4 units in parallel to ~12.5 MWac nameplate against 8 MWp DC (specific SG3125HV service-manual revision confirmed at RFQ).
Mounting: ground-mount steel structure (K2 Systems N-Rack driven-pile + S-Rack rail kit; exact manual revision confirmed at RFQ).
Horizon: 25 years (typical PPA / asset-finance tenor).
Currency: USD nominal; FX hedging not modelled (model assumption).
IRENA 2023 LATAM utility range 1,500–1,650 — same source URL
Annual module degradation
0.5%/yr
Jinko Solar Tiger Neo datasheet linear annual degradation ≤0.40%/yr for N-type; 0.5% used as conservative engineering bound (model assumption). Datasheet PDF: JinkoSolar product page
Opex year-1
9 USD/kWp/yr
IRENA 2023 O&M benchmark — same IRENA URL
Opex escalation
2.0%/yr
Model assumption (Colombia CPI long-run band)
Avoided grid tariff year-1
78 USD/MWh
Model assumption: Colombian industrial regulated tariff band, mid-point 2025; confirm against EPM tariff schedule at RFQ
Tariff escalation
3.0%/yr
Model assumption (long-run industrial tariff trajectory)
Discount rate (WACC)
10.0%/yr
Model assumption (project-finance WACC band)
Inverter replacement year 12
60 USD/kWp one-shot
Sungrow SG3125HV service-manual mid-life schedule; specific manual revision confirmed at RFQ. Family landing: Sungrow
Self-consumption share
0%
Model assumption (asset.pv.self_consumption_pct = 0): 100% of generation exported at avoided industrial tariff; no behind-the-meter offtake modelled
Residual value
0 USD at year 25
Model assumption (conservative; scrap only)
3. TCO summary (COMPUTED — computed)
TCO summary
Metric
Value
Currency
USD
Horizon (years)
25
Discount rate
10.00 %
Total undiscounted cost (USD)
7,106,181.58
Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD)
5,236,663.56
Total undiscounted benefit (USD)
33,186,010.13
Total discounted benefit (USD)
10,744,929.15
NPV (USD)
5,508,265.59
IRR
0.2298
Simple payback (year)
4.58
Discounted payback (year)
6.31
LCOE (USD/kWh)
0.0480
4. Year-by-year cash flow (COMPUTED — computed)
Year-by-year cash flow
Year
Cost (USD)
Benefit (USD)
Net (USD)
Discount factor
Discounted net (USD)
Energy (kWh)
0
4,320,000.00
0.0000
-4,320,000.00
1.00
-4,320,000.00
0.0000
1
72,000.00
973,440.00
901,440.00
0.9091
819,490.91
12,480,000.00
2
73,440.00
997,629.98
924,189.98
0.8264
763,793.38
12,417,600.00
3
74,908.80
1,022,421.09
947,512.29
0.7513
711,880.01
12,355,512.00
4
76,406.98
1,047,828.25
971,421.28
0.6830
663,493.80
12,293,734.44
5
77,935.12
1,073,866.79
995,931.67
0.6209
618,395.21
12,232,265.77
6
79,493.82
1,100,552.37
1,021,058.56
0.5645
576,360.94
12,171,104.44
7
81,083.69
1,127,901.10
1,046,817.41
0.5132
537,182.85
12,110,248.92
8
82,705.37
1,155,929.44
1,073,224.08
0.4665
500,666.95
12,049,697.67
9
84,359.48
1,184,654.29
1,100,294.82
0.4241
466,632.41
11,989,449.18
10
86,046.66
1,214,092.95
1,128,046.28
0.3855
434,910.68
11,929,501.94
11
87,767.60
1,244,263.16
1,156,495.56
0.3505
405,344.64
11,869,854.43
12
569,522.95
1,275,183.10
705,660.15
0.3186
224,845.07
11,810,505.16
13
91,313.41
1,306,871.40
1,215,557.99
0.2897
352,103.85
11,751,452.63
14
93,139.68
1,339,347.15
1,246,207.48
0.2633
328,165.38
11,692,695.37
15
95,002.47
1,372,629.93
1,277,627.46
0.2394
305,853.86
11,634,231.89
16
96,902.52
1,406,739.78
1,309,837.26
0.2176
285,058.75
11,576,060.73
17
98,840.57
1,441,697.27
1,342,856.70
0.1978
265,677.04
11,518,180.43
18
100,817.38
1,477,523.44
1,376,706.06
0.1799
247,612.69
11,460,589.53
19
102,833.73
1,514,239.90
1,411,406.17
0.1635
230,776.19
11,403,286.58
20
104,890.40
1,551,868.76
1,446,978.36
0.1486
215,084.11
11,346,270.14
21
106,988.21
1,590,432.70
1,483,444.49
0.1351
200,458.70
11,289,538.79
22
109,127.98
1,629,954.95
1,520,826.98
0.1228
186,827.47
11,233,091.10
23
111,310.54
1,670,459.34
1,559,148.80
0.1117
174,122.87
11,176,925.64
24
113,536.75
1,711,970.25
1,598,433.50
0.1015
162,281.92
11,121,041.02
25
115,807.48
1,754,512.71
1,638,705.23
0.0923
151,245.93
11,065,435.81
Year-12 note: the year-12 cost of 569,522.95 USD equals the year-12 opex (89,522.95 USD) plus the 480,000.00 USD inverter-replacement reserve (60 USD/kWp × 8,000 kWp) applied at that point per the Sungrow SG3125HV service-manual mid-life schedule.
5. Equipment & OEM references
Modules: Jinko Solar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V — N-type bifacial mono-PERC, LR5/Hi-MO 5m-class topology. Specific datasheet PDF revision to be confirmed at RFQ (OEM datasheet downloads are bot-walled). Family landing: JinkoSolar. Annual degradation ≤0.40%/yr on the module datasheet; the model uses 0.5%/yr as a conservative engineering bound (model assumption).
Inverter: Sungrow SG3125HV — 3,125 kW / 1,500 V DC central inverter for utility-scale PV. Specific SG3125HV service-manual revision (inverter swap schedule cited for year-12 reserve) confirmed at RFQ. Family landing: Sungrow.
Mounting: K2 Systems N-Rack ground-mount system (driven-pile + S-Rack rail). Kit designation and manual revision confirmed at RFQ. Family landing: K2 Systems; product page: K2 N-Rack system.
6. Standards block (reference only)
Applicable standards:
IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-1-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 — crystalline-silicon PV module design qualification and type approval. IEC Webstore catalogue: webstore.iec.ch; cite full designation in text.
IEC 61730-1:2016 / IEC 61730-2:2016 — PV module safety qualification. UL 61730-1 (US adopt-and-adapt): UL 61730-1 product page.
IEC 62109-1:2016 / IEC 62109-2:2016 — power converter (inverter) safety. IEC Webstore catalogue: webstore.iec.ch; cite full designation in text.
IEC 62446-1:2016 / IEC 62446-2:2020 — PV system documentation, commissioning and O&M. IEC Webstore catalogue as above.
IEC 62930:2019 — PV DC cable (PV1-F family). IEC Webstore catalogue as above.
ISO 9001:2015 / ISO 14001:2015 / ISO 45001:2018 — EPC and O&M contractor management systems. ISO standards search: iso.org search; cite ISO number+title+year in text.
UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, 7th revised edition (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) — UN 38.3 lithium-battery transport provisions. Canonical UN page: unece.org UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. Not directly applicable to the modules-only base case; listed as reference for any future BESS add-on.
Local grid code: Colombian Reglamento de Distribución y Comercialización de Energía Eléctrica (Resolución CREG 750 of 2020 series); confirm with the local operator before commitment.
This block lists generic applicable standards; final compliance matrix is per-lane local.
7. HS code block (PV-only base case)
HS code (WCO 2022 reference)
Description
Lookup path
Duty rate
8541.43
Photovoltaic cells assembled in modules or made up into panels
Confirm against DIAN national schedule (Colombia-Arancel). Cross-reference mirrors: EU TARIC ec.europa.eu TARIC; USITC HTS hts.usitc.gov; UK Global Tariff trade-tariff.service.gov.uk. The computed line is the importer's national tariff schedule.
DUTY: PENDING — confirm against importer's national schedule
8504.40
Static converters — PV inverters
Same as above.
DUTY: PENDING — confirm against importer's national schedule
7308.20
Towers and lattice masts — steel structures for ground mount
Same as above.
DUTY: PENDING — confirm against importer's national schedule
8544.42
Other electric conductors, fitted with connectors — PV DC cabling
Same as above.
DUTY: PENDING — confirm against importer's national schedule
Duty-rate lookup instructions:
Identify the destination country's national tariff schedule (Colombia: Arancel de Aduanas, DIAN). The 6-digit HS code above must be extended to the national 8/10-digit line for the exact duty rate.
Verify any applicable trade-agreement preferences (Pacific Alliance, MERCOSUR, EU/Andean agreements) that may apply to MFN duty on Chinese-origin modules.
Confirm VAT, anti-dumping or safeguard measures applicable to PV modules specifically (the EU has AD/safeguard measures on Chinese-origin modules — confirm via TARIC; US has Section 201 safeguard measures — confirm via USITC HTS).
Disclaimer: TradVolt does not assert duty rates as fact. All duty lines above are marked PENDING and must be confirmed by the importer against the official national tariff schedule before any commercial commitment. Local counsel or licensed customs broker recommended.
8. Logistics & Incoterms (reference)
Incoterms: ICC Incoterms 2020 — official rules page: iccwbo.org Incoterms 2020. For a Chinese-OEM → Colombian-port / site shipment of an 8 MWp plant, CIF or DAP Medellín are typical procurement defaults; the choice is buyer's per RFQ.
Carrier documents: FIATA freight-forwarding documents family: fiata.org (FCR, FBL, FWB) — used by the appointed freight forwarder.
Dangerous goods: IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations programme page: iata.org DGR. PV modules are non-DGR; lithium-bearing components (any BESS add-on) fall under UN 3480/3481 per the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria.
Wood packaging: IPPC ISPM 15 (wood packaging marking): ippc.int ISPMs; pallets and crating must be ISPM-15 marked and either heat-treated or fumigated per the standard.
9. Methodology notes & bounded-model assumptions
Exposed model assumptions (bounded; not asserted as measured):
residual_value.amount = 0 USD at year 25 (conservative scrap-only assumption).
residual_value.year = 25 (aligned to horizon).
asset.pv.self_consumption_pct = 0% (100% grid export at avoided industrial tariff; no behind-the-meter offtake).
asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh = 0.078 USD/kWh year-1, escalated at 3.0%/yr.
Opex escalation 2.0%/yr; tariff escalation 3.0%/yr; WACC 10.0%/yr — all model assumptions, not measured values.
Currency: USD nominal; FX hedging not modelled.
No BESS, no curtailment, no degradation curve kinks in the base case.
Single-axis tracking not modelled; if tracking is added, specific yield typically rises ~15%, capex ~+8% — re-run via the same formula.
Source values are point estimates; for bankable studies, replace each row with vendor-quoted or lender-engineering figures.
10. Citations (each source = named document with author, title, year, clickable URL)
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (EU Battery Regulation). eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj (reference for BESS add-on only; not in base case).
IEC (2017). IEC 61851-1:2017 Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1. webstore.iec.ch IEC 61851-1 publication 33644 (reference for any EV charging scope; not in base case).
Next step: translate the COMPUTED TABLES above into a bankable model by replacing each model assumption with a vendor-quoted or lender-engineering figure.