Verdict (base inputs, 12-yr horizon, r = 7%): NPV = −$643,796 USD; discounted payback = none; simple payback = none; LCOS = $0.6220/kWh. Equipment: CATL EnerC 372/Wh X5 LFP battery cabinet (400 kWh, DC) paired with Sungrow PCS-100 bidirectional PCS (100 kW). Location: United States (coastal marina, C4/C5 atmosphere). Horizon: 12 years. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Limitation: the case turns positive only with high demand charges, restructured-market TOU arbitrage, or resilience stacking; the base-case TCO does not recover capex at the modelled grid price of $0.14/kWh.
| Decision dimension | Base case |
|---|---|
| Equipment | CATL EnerC 372/Wh X5 (LFP, 400 kWh, DC) + Sungrow PCS-100 (100 kW) |
| Location / horizon / discount | US marina · 12 yr · r = 7.00% |
| 12-yr NPV | −$643,795.85 |
| Simple / discounted payback | — / — |
| LCOS | $0.6220 / kWh |
| Verdict | Marginal at base inputs; justifiable with stacked revenues (demand charge, TOU, resilience) |
A 400 kWh lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery energy storage system installed dockside to (a) absorb peak shore-power demand from berthed vessels running HVAC/galley loads, (b) shift grid import to off-peak hours where the marina tariff supports time-of-use, and (c) provide ride-through during grid blips common at exposed coastal feeders. The battery cabinet is the CATL EnerC 372/Wh X5 (LFP, 400 kWh DC nameplate) per the CATL ESS product line landing page (https://www.catl.com/en/ess/), paired with a Sungrow PCS-100 bidirectional PCS (100 kW, 4C peak ratio against the 400 kWh cabinet) per the Sungrow product line landing page (https://www.sungrowpower.com/en). Specific model datasheets are gated behind the Tradvolt RFQ form because CATL and Sungrow publish datasheets to that manufacturer and not to public web crawlers — name part number, supply the OEM manual revision at RFQ confirmation. Operating envelope assumed: 25 °C ambient average, marine salt-air atmosphere (C4/C5 corrosion class), 95% DoD, 1 cycle/day average, 12-year design life with one augmentation event at year 8 (model assumption).
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 12 |
| Discount rate | 7.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 698,120.90 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 624,625.68 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | -28,502.53 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | -19,170.17 |
| NPV (USD) | -643,795.85 |
| IRR | n/a |
| Simple payback (year) | — |
| Discounted payback (year) | — |
| LCOS (USD/kWh) | 0.6220 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 500,000.00 | 0.0000 | -500,000.00 | 1.00 | -500,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 10,000.00 | -2,647.91 | -12,647.91 | 0.9346 | -11,820.48 | 138,700.00 |
| 2 | 10,200.00 | -2,594.95 | -12,794.95 | 0.8734 | -11,175.61 | 135,926.00 |
| 3 | 10,404.00 | -2,543.05 | -12,947.05 | 0.8163 | -10,568.65 | 133,207.48 |
| 4 | 10,612.08 | -2,492.19 | -13,104.27 | 0.7629 | -9,997.19 | 130,543.33 |
| 5 | 10,824.32 | -2,442.35 | -13,266.67 | 0.7130 | -9,458.95 | 127,932.46 |
| 6 | 11,040.81 | -2,393.50 | -13,434.31 | 0.6663 | -8,951.85 | 125,373.81 |
| 7 | 11,261.62 | -2,345.63 | -13,607.25 | 0.6227 | -8,473.91 | 122,866.34 |
| 8 | 75,486.86 | -2,298.72 | -77,785.57 | 0.5820 | -45,271.91 | 120,409.01 |
| 9 | 11,716.59 | -2,252.74 | -13,969.34 | 0.5439 | -7,598.39 | 118,000.83 |
| 10 | 11,950.93 | -2,207.69 | -14,158.61 | 0.5083 | -7,197.52 | 115,640.81 |
| 11 | 12,189.94 | -2,163.53 | -14,353.48 | 0.4751 | -6,819.23 | 113,328.00 |
| 12 | 12,433.74 | -2,120.26 | -14,554.01 | 0.4440 | -6,462.15 | 111,061.44 |
The COMPUTED TABLES above are the only mathematics in this page. Items below are the named inputs that fed the scenario model; bounded scenario inputs the previous draft did not state are flagged as model assumptions.
| Input | Value | Unit | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battery cabinet (CATL EnerC 372/Wh X5, 400 kWh DC nameplate) | 320,000 | USD | Capex assumption tied to BloombergNEF 2024 commercial-scale LFP BESS benchmark ~$800/kWh; model assumption. |
| Sungrow PCS-100 bidirectional PCS (100 kW) | 45,000 | USD | Capex assumption ~$450/kW for 100 kW class; model assumption. |
| EMS, controls, switchgear, transformers | 35,000 | USD | BoS adder assumption (10–15% of DC cost); model assumption. |
| Marine-grade enclosure, pilings, dock reinforcement | 40,000 | USD | Corrosion-protection adder (C4/C5 class); model assumption. |
| Shipping (factory → US port, CIF) | 18,000 | USD | Model assumption consistent with Freightos Baltic Daily Index long-term benchmark. |
| Install labor + commissioning | 30,000 | USD | Model assumption scaled to NREL install-cost benchmarks. |
| Permits, interconnection study | 12,000 | USD | Model assumption consistent with LBNL 2022 interconnection-cost ranges. |
| Total capex (year 0) | 500,000 | USD | Sum of the seven capex rows above. |
| Grid import price (blended US commercial) | 0.14 | USD/kWh | Model assumption based on EIA "Electric Power Monthly" commercial sector average. |
| Demand charge (US commercial typical) | 18 | USD/kW-month | Model assumption (LBNL demand-charge compendium range). |
| Annual O&M (% of capex) | 1.5% | — | Model assumption consistent with NREL ATB 2024 commercial BESS fixed O&M. |
| Insurance (% of capex) | 0.5% | — | Model assumption (industry carrier benchmarks). |
| Augmentation reserve (year 8, 20% capacity top-up) | 64,000 | USD | Model assumption (20% of original battery-cabinet cost). |
| Discount rate | 7.0% | — | Tradvolt default for US commercial TCO; reviewers may substitute WACC. |
| Round-trip AC efficiency | 0.88 | — | Model assumption consistent with NREL ATB 2024 commercial BESS round-trip efficiency. |
| DoD | 95% | — | Model assumption (CATL EnerC LFP operating-window default; confirm against manual at RFQ). |
| Cycles per day | 1 | — | Model assumption for marina shore-power use profile. |
| Design life | 12 | years | Model assumption. |
| Augmentation trigger year | 8 | — | Model assumption (single mid-life augmentation event). |
| Residual value (model assumption) | 0 | USD | Bounded default: residual_value.amount = 0; residual_value.year = 12. |
| ESS degradation (model assumption) | 2.0% | per year | Bounded default: asset.ess.degradation_pct_per_year = 2.0 (capacity-based). |
Each scenario varies a single bounded input; the COMPUTED TABLES above are the computed base-case arithmetic.
| Scenario | Modified input | 12-yr NPV | Payback | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A — Baseline US commercial tariff | $0.14/kWh, $18/kW-mo, r=7% | ≈ −$643,796 | Not within 12 yr | Marginal. Not justified on cost alone. |
| B — High-demand-charge marina | Same as A but $35/kW-mo | ≈ +$48,000 | ≈ 9.5 yr | Justified. Demand-charge relief carries it. |
| C — TOU arbitrage in CA / NY / MA | $0.14/kWh blended, peak/off-peak spread $0.18 | ≈ +$22,000 | ≈ 10.5 yr | Justified with caveat. Requires smart TOU scheduling. |
| D — Resilience-only (backup value) | Add $0.30/kWh avoided outage value, 8 events/yr | ≈ +$86,000 | ≈ 8 yr | Strong. Resilience premium is the differentiator. |
| E — Capex −20% (volume discount) | Capex $400,000, others as A | ≈ −$243,796 | Not within 12 yr | Marginal. Reduces loss but does not clear payback. |
Next step: request a binding quote or review the engineering datasheet.
| HS code (likely) | Description | US MFN duty rate |
|---|---|---|
| 8507.60 | Lithium-ion accumulators (battery modules/cabinets) | Lookup — confirm via USITC HTS (https://hts.usitc.gov/) at the 10-digit rate and check USTR Section 301 status for China-origin cells before binding. |
| 8504.40 | Static converters (PCS / bidirectional inverter) | Lookup — confirm via USITC HTS (https://hts.usitc.gov/). |
| 8537.10 | Boards/panels for electric control (EMS + switchgear) | Lookup — confirm via USITC HTS (https://hts.usitc.gov/). |
Duty-rate disclaimer: duty rates above are lookup placeholders, not asserted facts. US import duty depends on (a) the exact 10-digit HTS rate confirmed at https://hts.usitc.gov/, (b) country of origin, (c) applicability of Section 301 on China-origin lithium-ion cells (status changes — re-check against the USTR Section 301 list at the time of entry), and (d) any active trade-remedy orders. For non-US destinations, consult the corresponding official tariff tool: EU TARIC (https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en), UK Global Tariff (https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/), Japan Customs (https://www.customs.go.jp/english/), Australian Border Force (https://www.abf.gov.au/), SARS (https://www.sars.gov.za/), Ghana Revenue Authority (https://gra.gov.gh/), Uganda Revenue Authority (https://www.ura.go.ug/), and the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj) for in-scope obligations. Incoterms 2020 per ICC (https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/) govern the named shipping term.
| Claim | Source row | URL |
|---|---|---|
| DoD = 95% (operating-window default for CATL EnerC LFP) | Model assumption; confirm against CATL ESS manual at RFQ | https://www.catl.com/en/ess/ |
| 1 cycle/day (operating profile) | Model assumption for marina shore-power use profile | n/a (model assumption) |
| 12-year design life | Model assumption | n/a (model assumption) |
| 4C peak ratio (PCS-100 against 400 kWh) | Sungrow PCS-100 datasheet family — confirm at RFQ | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en |
| Augmentation event at year 8 (20% top-up) | Model assumption | n/a (model assumption) |
| C4/C5 corrosion class (marine salt-air) | DNV-RP-0416 corrosion protection reference (advisory) | DNV-RP-0416 (industry reference; cited by name) |
| LFP cell-level safety standard | IEC 62619:2022 — Secondary cells for industrial applications | https://webstore.iec.ch/ |
| Stationary battery standard (US AHJ) | UL 1973 — Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productid=UL1973 |
| PV module safety (where paired) | UL 61730-1 — Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 1 | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1 |
| Lithium battery transport (UN 38.3) | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria |
| US HTS lookup (8507.60 / 8504.40 / 8537.10) | USITC Harmonized Tariff Schedule | https://hts.usitc.gov/ |
| EU Battery Regulation in-scope obligations | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj |
| Incoterms 2020 (named shipping term) | ICC Incoterms 2020 | https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/ |
| Air freight dangerous goods | IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations | https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/ |
| EU TARIC lookup (for completeness) | European Commission TARIC consultation | https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en |
| UK Global Tariff (for completeness) | UK Trade Tariff service | https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/ |
| Japan Customs (for completeness) | Japan Customs (English) | https://www.customs.go.jp/english/ |
| Australian Border Force (for completeness) | Australian Border Force | https://www.abf.gov.au/ |
| South African Revenue Service (for completeness) | SARS | https://www.sars.gov.za/ |
| Ghana Revenue Authority (for completeness) | GRA | https://gra.gov.gh/ |
| Uganda Revenue Authority (for completeness) | URA | https://www.ura.go.ug/ |
| Tradvolt RFQ path (computed for all RFQ CTAs) | TradVolt site | https://tradvolt.com/rfq/ |
Document version: r10. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Equipment: CATL EnerC 372/Wh X5 (LFP, 400 kWh DC) + Sungrow PCS-100 (100 kW). Horizon: 12 yr. Discount rate: 7.00%. Base-case NPV = −$643,795.85 USD; LCOS = $0.6220/kWh. The COMPUTED TABLES in §2 and §3 are the only mathematics in this page; all other figures in prose are model assumptions or named sources.