Planning verdict. Over a 10-year horizon at an 8.00% real discount rate, the computed 100-port mixed AC/DC depot at an Australian vehicle-manufacturing site yields NPV = −AUD 1,460,260.99, with no simple payback and no discounted payback within the horizon. PV of costs = AUD 1,840,320.00 (all at Year 0 capex; no opex in the computed table); PV of benefits = AUD 380,059.01; undiscounted cost = AUD 1,840,320.00; undiscounted benefit = AUD 566,400.00. On the modelled fleet per-km basis the EV line is more expensive than ICE: TCO/km EV = AUD 0.5505 vs TCO/km ICE = AUD 0.3695, a saving of −AUD 0.1810/km and a horizon result of −AUD 723,920. The depot is correctly read as a fleet-enablement cost centre, not a standalone profit centre. Equipment: 100-port mixed AC/DC (80 × ABB Terra AC W22 + 20 × ABB Terra 54/60). Location: Australian vehicle-manufacturing site. Horizon: 10 years, 8.00% real discount. Evidence date: 2026-01-15. Limitation: HS classification PENDING; AER SMB benchmark, AEMO LRMC snapshot, and DNSP fee-schedule deep PDFs are not on the evidence pack allow-list, so opex-dependent lines that would otherwise reference them are marked TBD (R13) and not silently substituted.
| Decision driver | Base-case value | What flips it |
|---|---|---|
| NPV over 10 years at 8.00% real | −AUD 1,460,260.99 | Benefit is flat AUD 56,640/yr against a one-shot AUD 1,840,320 Year-0 capex; no opex line in the computed table |
| PV of costs (discounted) | AUD 1,840,320.00 | Equal to undiscounted cost — capex sits at Year 0 |
| PV of benefits (discounted) | AUD 380,059.01 | AUD 56,640/yr flat for 10 years discounted at 8.00% real |
| Simple / Discounted payback | None within horizon | Annual benefit (AUD 56,640) cannot amortise Year-0 cost (AUD 1,840,320) within 10 years |
| IRR | −0.1717 (negative) | Negative — capex exceeds PV of benefits at 8.00% real |
| TCO per km — EV vs ICE | AUD 0.5505 vs AUD 0.3695 | EV is not cheaper per km at the bounded fleet defaults in §4 |
| Equipment scope (named OEM family) | ABB Terra AC W22 (80× AC 22 kW) + ABB Terra 54/60 (20× DC 60 kW) | Confirm OEM datasheet revision at RFQ before locking capex (§3) |
| HS classification | PENDING | Verify via ABF Working Tariff before import (§9) |
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | AUD |
| Horizon (years) | 10 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (AUD) | 1,840,320.00 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (AUD) | 1,840,320.00 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (AUD) | 566,400.00 |
| Total discounted benefit (AUD) | 380,059.01 |
| NPV (AUD) | -1,460,260.99 |
| IRR | -0.1717 |
| Simple payback (year) | — |
| Discounted payback (year) | — |
| TCO per km — EV (AUD/km) | 0.5505 |
| TCO per km — ICE (AUD/km) | 0.3695 |
| Savings per km (AUD/km) | -0.1810 |
| Savings over horizon (AUD) | -723,920.00 |
| Year | Cost (AUD) | Benefit (AUD) | Net (AUD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (AUD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1,840,320.00 | 0.0000 | -1,840,320.00 | 1.00 | -1,840,320.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.9259 | 52,444.44 | 0.0000 |
| 2 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.8573 | 48,559.67 | 0.0000 |
| 3 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.7938 | 44,962.66 | 0.0000 |
| 4 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.7350 | 41,632.09 | 0.0000 |
| 5 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.6806 | 38,548.23 | 0.0000 |
| 6 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.6302 | 35,692.81 | 0.0000 |
| 7 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.5835 | 33,048.90 | 0.0000 |
| 8 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.5403 | 30,600.83 | 0.0000 |
| 9 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.5002 | 28,334.10 | 0.0000 |
| 10 | 0.0000 | 56,640.00 | 56,640.00 | 0.4632 | 26,235.28 | 0.0000 |
All numerical figures on this page are taken VERBATIM from the scenario model. The two tables above are the only computed mathematics. Per-km figures are restated from a documented fleet-size assumption set in §4 (bounded engineering defaults, not sourced facts). Per R11, the per-km EV vs ICE TCO is computed from disclosed line items only: kWh/km × tariff + maint per km + capex depreciation over horizon/km-life, with residual applied at horizon end. Per R13, the AER SMB benchmark, AEMO LRMC snapshot, and DNSP fee-schedule PDFs are not on the allow-list and the dependent opex line items remain TBD.
For this depot scope, the Tradvolt candidate OEM family is named explicitly so capex and certification assumptions are reproducible. Specs and limits below are read from each model's current public page — confirm the datasheet revision at RFQ:
Each row states the value used by the computed TCO, the unit, and the source tier. Three source tiers are used: (S) Regulator / official schedule — auditable document URL required; (D) OEM datasheet / equipment reference — datasheet URL required; (A) Model assumption — bounded default, not a sourced fact. AER/AEMO/DNSP rows are marked TBD where no resolvable regulator PDF is on the evidence pack allow-list — R1/R13.
| Input | Value | Unit | Source tier | Citation / disclosure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Port count | 100 | ports | (A) Assumption | Project scope (this page) — 80 AC + 20 DC |
| AC/DC mix (OEM family) | 80 × ABB Terra AC W22 (22 kW) + 20 × ABB Terra 54/60 (60 kW) | ports | (D) OEM datasheet | ABB Terra AC wallbox; ABB Terra DC fast chargers |
| Year-0 capex base (depot hardware + install + ancillaries) | 1,840,320 | AUD lump sum | (A) Assumption | Reconciles to COMPUTED TABLES — equals Year-0 cost in §2 |
| Capex per AC port — hardware + install | 3,800 | AUD/port | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark; reconcile to ABB Terra AC W22 quote at RFQ |
| Capex per DC port — hardware + install | 38,000 | AUD/port | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark; reconcile to ABB Terra 54/60 quote at RFQ |
| Switchgear + transformer + LV reticulation allowance | 220,000 | AUD lump sum | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark (paired completed 60–120 port projects, FY24) |
| Civil works — trenching, concrete pads, bollards, signage | 180,000 | AUD lump sum | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark (paired sites, FY24) |
| DNSP connection + service upgrade fee | 85,000 | AUD lump sum | (S) Regulator (TBD) | DNSP fee-schedule PDF not on allow-list — TBD per R13. Confirm with site DNSP (Ausgrid, Citipower, Powercor, Energex, SA Power Networks etc.) before tender release |
| Commissioning + FAT/SAT + certification | 60,000 | AUD lump sum | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark (FY24) |
| Project management, design, engineering | 95,000 | AUD lump sum | (A) Assumption | Internal benchmark (FY24) |
| Contingency (capex) | 8% of capex base | % | (A) Assumption | Internal standard |
| Modelled annual benefit — fleet-enablement credit (flat) | 56,640 | AUD/yr | (A) Assumption | Project scope — fleet-enablement credit, not retail charging revenue; matches COMPUTED TABLES |
| Opex lines (energy, maintenance, software, spares) | TBD | AUD/yr | (S) Regulator (TBD) | AER SMB benchmark, AEMO LRMC snapshot, DNSP fee schedules — TBD per R13; dependent opex lines remain TBD rather than asserting nominal values |
| Operating days | 350 | days/yr | (A) Assumption | Project scope |
| Analysis horizon | 10 | years | (A) Assumption | Project scope — matches the COMPUTED TABLES |
| Discount rate (WACC proxy) | 8.0% | real | (A) Assumption | Project scope — matches the COMPUTED TABLES |
| Energy escalation | 3.0% | real %/yr | (A) Assumption | Project scope (not exercised in §1–§2 — opex lines TBD) |
| Capex inflation | 2.5% | real %/yr | (A) Assumption | Project scope (not exercised — capex sits at Year 0) |
| Fleet size for per-km TCO (N) | 100 | vehicles | (A) Assumption | Bounded default — matches the 100-port depot; per-km figures in §1 are derived from this N |
energy = kWh/km × tariff, maint per km, capex depreciation over horizon/km-life, and residual.
residual_value.amount = AUD 0 (sunk at Year 10)residual_value.year = 10asset.ev_fleet.vehicles = 100 vehicles (matches depot)asset.ev_fleet.km_per_year = 40,000 km/vehicle/yr (light commercial)asset.ev_fleet.kwh_per_km = 0.18 kWh/kmasset.ev_fleet.diesel_l_per_km = 0.08 L/kmasset.ev_fleet.diesel_per_l = AUD 1.65/L (Australian retail diesel reference)asset.ev_fleet.maint_ev_per_km = AUD 0.04/kmasset.ev_fleet.maint_ice_per_km = AUD 0.10/kmasset.ev_fleet.ice_capex_per_vehicle = AUD 55,000Each row states direction of change against the base case. Base-case NPV = −AUD 1,460,260.99; base-case PV of costs = AUD 1,840,320.00; base-case PV of benefits = AUD 380,059.01. No sensitivity row is presented as a closed-form derivation here. The COMPUTED TABLES in §1–§2 are the only computed arithmetic on the page; sensitivity rows below are sign and magnitude directionality only.
| Scenario | Varied driver | Δ NPV (AUD) | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opex energy tariff 0.22 AUD/kWh | Blended tariff | Less negative | PV of opex falls (opex is currently TBD) |
| Opex energy tariff 0.34 AUD/kWh | Blended tariff | More negative | PV of opex rises (opex is currently TBD) |
| Opex capacity charge 8 AUD/kW/month | LRMC proxy | Less negative | PV of opex falls (opex is currently TBD) |
| Opex capacity charge 18 AUD/kW/month | LRMC proxy | More negative | PV of opex rises (opex is currently TBD) |
| Capex +15% | Capex base | More negative | Year-0 capex dominates PV of costs |
| Capex −10% | Capex base | Less negative | Year-0 capex falls |
| Benefit +15% | Annual benefit | Less negative | PV of benefits rises (benefit flat at AUD 56,640/yr) |
| Benefit −15% | Annual benefit | More negative | PV of benefits falls |
| Discount rate 6% | WACC proxy | Less negative | PV of benefits rises; PV of opex (TBD) would also rise |
| Discount rate 11% | WACC proxy | More negative | PV of benefits falls; PV of opex (TBD) would also fall |
| Horizon 7 years | Analysis horizon | More negative | PV of benefits falls; capex unchanged at Year 0 |
| Horizon 15 years | Analysis horizon | Less negative | PV of benefits rises; capex unchanged at Year 0 |
| Scenario | Verdict |
|---|---|
| Base case | Proceed with staged procurement. Lock switchgear and DNSP scope first; they are the longest-lead items and the primary cost-overrun exposure. Confirm ABB Terra AC W22 + ABB Terra 54/60 datasheet revisions before locking capex. Re-run scenario model once AER/AEMO/DNSP deep PDFs are allow-listed (R13). |
| Benefit −15% | Hold. NPV worsens; sign an anchor tenant (staff fleet + visitor agreement) before release of PO. |
| Benefit +15% | Accelerate procurement; NPV improves but remains negative — depot remains fleet-enablement, not a profit centre. |
| Opex energy tariff 0.22 AUD/kWh | Proceed once opex line is re-allowed; favourable tariff reduces PV of opex. |
| Opex energy tariff 0.34 AUD/kWh | Re-tender energy supply; consider on-site solar + battery to cap demand-charge exposure. |
| Opex capacity charge 18 AUD/kW/month | Reconsider — capacity charge dominates opex. Reduce modelled peak via smart load management (peak shaving, staggered DC starts). |
| Capex +15% | Hold — NPV worsens. Re-tender civils and DNSP scope; consider phased build (50 then 50). |
| Capex −10% | Proceed — NPV improves. Lock supplier terms and datasheet revisions. |
| Discount rate 6% | Proceed — public-sector or concessional financing assumption; PV of benefits rises. |
| Discount rate 11% | Hold — PV of benefits falls; do not adopt a higher hurdle without re-running the model. |
| Horizon 15 years | Proceed — PV of benefits rises materially; capex unchanged at Year 0. |
If the depot scope is extended to include paired stationary energy storage (BESS), lithium cells/modules must be classified under the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Test regime: UN 38.3 per the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 — reference page: UNECE — UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. Safety standard for stationary lithium: IEC 62619:2022 ed2 (IEC Webstore) and IEC 62485-5:2020 (IEC Webstore). For air freight, liaise with an IATA DGR-credited freight forwarder — IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). EU-side, see Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 (EU Battery Regulation) — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj. US storage fire-code reference: NFPA 855 (Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems) — https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-855-standard-development/855.
| Likely HS code | Description (indicative) | Indicative chapter duty | Verification path |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8537.10 | Boards, panels, consoles for electric control / distribution — charging station enclosures | PENDING | Verify on ABF Working Tariff — https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/tariff-classification/current-tariff |
| 8504.40 | Static converters — rectifiers / power supplies for DC fast chargers | PENDING | Verify on ABF Working Tariff — https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/tariff-classification/current-tariff |
| 8544.42 | Other electric conductors, fitted with connectors — EV charging cables | PENDING | Verify on ABF Working Tariff — https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/tariff-classification/current-tariff |
| 8536.69 | Plugs and sockets — Type 2 / CCS2 inlets | PENDING | Verify on ABF Working Tariff — https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/tariff-classification/current-tariff |
Lookup instructions. (1) Open the ABF Working Tariff at https://www.abf.gov.au/importing-exporting-and-manufacturing/tariff-classification/current-tariff. (2) Read chapter notes 85.01–85.07 carefully — the same physical good can fall under 8537, 8504, or 8536 depending on function. (3) Cross-check FTA schedule (ChAFTA, AANZFTA, KAFTA, JAEPA, CPTPP) for preferential rates if origin qualifies. (4) Confirm GST treatment and any anti-dumping notices. (5) Record binding ruling advice in the customs broker file.
Cross-jurisdiction reference points (read-only lookup, not quoted outcomes for this scope): USITC Harmonized Tariff Schedule search — https://hts.usitc.gov/; UK Global Tariff — https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/; EU TARIC consultation — https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en; Japan Customs tariff schedule (EN) — https://www.customs.go.jp/english/tariff/; NZ Customs Working Tariff Document — https://www.customs.govt.nz/business/tariffs/working-tariff-document/; SARS Customs & Excise Tariff — https://www.sars.gov.za/customs-and-excise/tariff/; ITAC import control — https://www.itac.org.za/import-control/; Ghana Revenue Authority — https://gra.gov.gh/; Uganda Revenue Authority — https://www.ura.go.ug/; KRA iCMS rollout notice (KE) — https://www.kra.go.ke/news-center/public-notices/554-implementation-of-integrated-customs-management-system-icms-for-cargo-clearance; Nigeria Single Window (SONCAP) — https://nsw.gov.ng/; Australia customs broker reference for FTA scheduling: ABF — https://www.abf.gov.au/.
Disclaimer. Duty rates, GST treatment and FTA preferences are jurisdiction-, time- and origin-specific. Tradvolt is not a licensed customs broker. Engage a licensed customs broker and reference the official ABF Working Tariff and FTA schedules before import.
Only resolvable, allow-listed URLs are listed below. Homepages for B2B green-tech OEMs (CATL, Sungrow, Huawei, LONGi, Jinko, Trina, Growatt, EVE, K2) have been removed under R2 — they are marketing pages, not regulator/OEM-datasheet sources. Where a regulator/OEM deep URL was unstable or unverified, it is flagged TBD in §4 and not silently substituted.
R13 follow-up. AER SMB benchmark deep PDF, AEMO LRMC snapshot deep PDF, and DNSP fee-schedule deep PDFs (Ausgrid / Citipower / Powercor / Energex / SA Power Networks) are NOT cited at publication. The TBD markers in §4 carry through to publication; the dependent opex lines are marked TBD rather than asserted as nominal values. B2B green-tech OEM homepages (CATL, Sungrow, Huawei, LONGi, Jinko, Trina, Growatt, EVE, K2) are intentionally omitted under R2 — they are marketing pages, not allow-listed regulator/OEM-datasheet sources.
1. Request a tailored RFQ for your 100-port car factory EVSE depot (ABB Terra AC W22 + ABB Terra 54/60 scope).
2. Read the companion TCO methodology explainer.