Verdict (answer first). For a 60 kWp DC system built on JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 N-type monocrystalline modules paired with a Sungrow SG125HT three-phase string inverter (400 V AC interconnection), EU-27 weighted-average tariff, 25-year horizon, 5 % real discount rate: NPV = €204,054, discounted payback = 3.74 yr, simple payback = 3.33 yr, LCOE = €0.0823/kWh. Proceed. Equipment: JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 N-type modules + Sungrow SG125HT three-phase string inverter. Location basis: EU-27 weighted-average tariff and irradiation. Evidence date: 2026-01-15. Limitation: this is a segment-average brief using a generic EU-27 tariff band; site-specific tariffs, structural capacity, self-consumption ratio, and any applicable CAPEX grant will shift the verdict. Tariff escalation is an explicit bounded model assumption; no export revenue is modelled (export tariff = 0 EUR/kWh).
| Metric | Value | Decision rule | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| NPV | €204,054 | NPV > 0? | Yes — proceed |
| Discounted payback | 3.74 yr | < 25-yr horizon? | Yes — proceed |
| Simple payback | 3.33 yr | < 10 yr? | Yes — proceed |
| LCOE | €0.0823/kWh | Below EU-27 commercial tariff band (€0.22–€0.34/kWh)? | Yes — proceed |
| IRR | 30.55 % | > 5 % hurdle? | Yes — proceed |
This is a class-level TCO using the inputs in §2. For site-specific procurement with a chosen installer and OEM module/inverter pairing, request an OEM-named brief via /rfq/.
All values used below are sourced. Rows without a source row are bounded model assumptions, marked with M.
| Symbol | Value | Unit | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| System size (kWp) | 60 | kWp DC | Use-case design parameter (TradVolt, 2026)M |
| Annual specific yield (Y) | 1,050 | kWh / kWp / yr | EC JRC PVGIS, EU-27 weighted-average typical year for central-EU rooftop & ground-mount at ~30° tilt — https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/photovoltaic-geographical-information-system-pvgis_en |
| Module degradation (d) | 0.5 % / yr | — | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 datasheet (JKM650-670N-66QL6-BDV-F1-EN), 30-year linear power warranty with 1 % + 0.35 %/yr linear — https://jinkosolarcdn.shwebspace.com/uploads/Tiger%20Neo%203.0%20Flyer.pdf |
| Turnkey capex (C) | €57,000 (= €950 / kWp × 60 kWp) | EUR (real, 2024) | SolarPower Europe, EU Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2024–2028, commercial 10–100 kWp segment — https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-market-outlook-for-solar-power-2024-2028 |
| Fixed O&M (O) | 1.0 % of capex / yr | EUR / yr | IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023, O&M band for utility & commercial PV — https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2023 |
| Insurance (I) | 0.3 % of capex / yr | EUR / yr | TradVolt convention based on European commercial-PV insurance premium band, 2024M |
| Opex escalation (e_op) | 2.0 % / yr (real) | — | Explicit bounded model assumption (o&m + insurance escalate together);M not a sourced fact |
| Grid tariff (T) | 0.28 | EUR / kWh | Eurostat — Electricity price statistics (statistics-explained) and dataset nrg_pc_205, non-household consumers band ID 2500–20000 MWh, H2 2024, EU-27 weighted-average — https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table |
| Tariff escalation (e) | 1.0 % / yr (real) | — | Model assumption, bounded to Eurostat 5-yr HICP-deflated seriesM |
| Export tariff | 0.00 EUR / kWh | — | Model assumption (no export revenue — explicit bounded default; ZERO-AS-MISSING applied because site export regime is unknown)M |
| Self-consumption ratio | 100 % of kWh produced valued at T | — | Model assumption (whole array offsets site load; no export)M |
| Residual value | 0 EUR at end of horizon | — | Model assumption (explicit bounded default)M |
| Discount rate (r) | 5 % real | — | TradVolt convention (2026); consistent with EIB project-rate guidance for energy infrastructureM |
| Analysis horizon (n) | 25 | years | Typical PV performance-warranty horizon; JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 30-yr linear power warranty and Sungrow SG125HT inverter warranty band |
Footnote: M = explicit bounded model assumption, not a sourced fact. These defaults are the values the draft did not state; they are listed so the arithmetic is reproducible.
All figures in this section are produced by the scenario model from the inputs in §2. They are computed and reproduced verbatim.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | EUR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 5.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (EUR) | 80,734.45 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR) | 69,733.46 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (EUR) | 497,747.24 |
| Total discounted benefit (EUR) | 273,787.19 |
| NPV (EUR) | 204,053.74 |
| IRR | 0.3055 |
| Simple payback (year) | 3.33 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 3.74 |
| LCOE (EUR/kWh) | 0.0823 |
| Year | Cost (EUR) | Benefit (EUR) | Net (EUR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (EUR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 57,000.00 | 0.0000 | -57,000.00 | 1.00 | -57,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 741.00 | 17,640.00 | 16,899.00 | 0.9524 | 16,094.29 | 63,000.00 |
| 2 | 755.82 | 17,815.08 | 17,059.26 | 0.9070 | 15,473.25 | 62,685.00 |
| 3 | 770.94 | 17,991.89 | 17,220.96 | 0.8638 | 14,876.11 | 62,371.58 |
| 4 | 786.36 | 18,170.46 | 17,384.11 | 0.8227 | 14,301.95 | 62,059.72 |
| 5 | 802.08 | 18,350.80 | 17,548.72 | 0.7835 | 13,749.88 | 61,749.42 |
| 6 | 818.12 | 18,532.93 | 17,714.81 | 0.7462 | 13,219.06 | 61,440.67 |
| 7 | 834.49 | 18,716.87 | 17,882.39 | 0.7107 | 12,708.68 | 61,133.47 |
| 8 | 851.18 | 18,902.64 | 18,051.46 | 0.6768 | 12,217.94 | 60,827.80 |
| 9 | 868.20 | 19,090.25 | 18,222.05 | 0.6446 | 11,746.09 | 60,523.66 |
| 10 | 885.56 | 19,279.72 | 18,394.15 | 0.6139 | 11,292.42 | 60,221.04 |
| 11 | 903.27 | 19,471.07 | 18,567.79 | 0.5847 | 10,856.21 | 59,919.94 |
| 12 | 921.34 | 19,664.32 | 18,742.98 | 0.5568 | 10,436.79 | 59,620.34 |
| 13 | 939.77 | 19,859.49 | 18,919.72 | 0.5303 | 10,033.53 | 59,322.24 |
| 14 | 958.56 | 20,056.59 | 19,098.03 | 0.5051 | 9,645.80 | 59,025.63 |
| 15 | 977.73 | 20,255.66 | 19,277.92 | 0.4810 | 9,273.01 | 58,730.50 |
| 16 | 997.29 | 20,456.69 | 19,459.40 | 0.4581 | 8,914.58 | 58,436.85 |
| 17 | 1,017.23 | 20,659.73 | 19,642.49 | 0.4363 | 8,569.95 | 58,144.66 |
| 18 | 1,037.58 | 20,864.77 | 19,827.19 | 0.4155 | 8,238.61 | 57,853.94 |
| 19 | 1,058.33 | 21,071.86 | 20,013.53 | 0.3957 | 7,920.03 | 57,564.67 |
| 20 | 1,079.50 | 21,280.99 | 20,201.50 | 0.3769 | 7,613.73 | 57,276.84 |
| 21 | 1,101.09 | 21,492.21 | 20,391.12 | 0.3589 | 7,319.24 | 56,990.46 |
| 22 | 1,123.11 | 21,705.52 | 20,582.41 | 0.3418 | 7,036.09 | 56,705.51 |
| 23 | 1,145.57 | 21,920.95 | 20,775.37 | 0.3256 | 6,763.87 | 56,421.98 |
| 24 | 1,168.48 | 22,138.51 | 20,970.03 | 0.3101 | 6,502.13 | 56,139.87 |
| 25 | 1,191.85 | 22,358.24 | 21,166.38 | 0.2953 | 6,250.49 | 55,859.17 |
Across the computed base case, NPV is positive (€204,054), discounted payback (3.74 yr) is well inside the 25-year horizon, and LCOE (€0.0823/kWh) sits well below the EU-27 commercial tariff band of €0.22–€0.34/kWh published in the Eurostat statistics-explained electricity-price statistics article. The IRR (30.55 %) clears the 5 % real hurdle. Decision: proceed.
Site-level inputs not modelled here include the national tariff schedule (incl. network charges and taxes), structural capacity for the array, the actual self-consumption ratio vs. export regime, and any applicable CAPEX grant. The model assumes 100 % self-consumption of kWh produced (i.e., no export revenue); export tariff is set to 0 EUR/kWh as an explicit bounded default (ZERO-AS-MISSING — site export regime unknown). Operators with confirmed wholesale export can rerun the model with a non-zero export tariff; sites with confirmed self-consumption below 100 % should rerun with the realised self-consumption ratio.
Disclaimer. The standards above are listed as the installer-side conformity framework. Product-level declarations (datasheet, EN/IEC test certificate, EU Declaration of Conformity) must be obtained from the chosen OEM per the procurement contract; TradVolt provides class-level TCO and procurement support, not product attestation.
| Component | HS heading (CN format) | USITC HTS reference | EU MFN duty |
|---|---|---|---|
| PV modules (cells assembled into modules) | 8541.43 | USITC HTS 8541.43 | PENDING — operator to verify at TARIC for declared country of origin |
| Power inverters (static converters) | 8504.40 | USITC HTS 8504.40 | PENDING — operator to verify at TARIC |
| Mounting structure (aluminium) | 7610.90 | USITC HTS 7610.90 | PENDING — operator to verify at TARIC |
| DC cabling (other electric conductors) | 8544.49 | USITC HTS 8544.49 | PENDING — operator to verify at TARIC |
Lookup instructions. The EU's official tariff database is TARIC, operated by DG TAXUD — TARIC Consultation. To confirm the live MFN duty rate, anti-dumping / anti-subsidy measures (where applicable to PV modules), and any suspension or quota, the operator should query the 10-digit TARIC code at the TARIC Consultation page for the declared country of origin, with the precise 10-digit TARIC code resolved from the CN headings above using the TARIC workbench. For the US side (where relevant for re-export or for operators comparing both regimes), the USITC Harmonized Tariff Schedule is searchable at https://hts.usitc.gov/.
Disclaimer. The EU MFN duty rates are marked PENDING by editorial policy — TradVolt does not assert them as facts. PV modules are subject to evolving trade-defence measures in the EU; operators must verify the current TARIC measure set, including any provisional or definitive anti-dumping / anti-subsidy duties applicable to the specific country of origin and producer, before any import declaration is filed.
Request a quote: Request a quote for a 60 kWp driving-range PV system (JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 + Sungrow SG125HT) →
Editorial reference set (with persistent URLs): JinkoSolar, Tiger Neo 3.0 flyer (JKM650-670N-66QL6-BDV-F1-EN) — https://jinkosolarcdn.shwebspace.com/uploads/Tiger%20Neo%203.0%20Flyer.pdf; Sungrow commercial string-inverter range — https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/string-inverter; EC JRC PVGIS — https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/photovoltaic-geographical-information-system-pvgis_en; SolarPower Europe, EU Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2024–2028 — https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/outlooks/global-market-outlook-for-solar-power-2024-2028; IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023 — https://www.irena.org/Publications/2024/Sep/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2023; Eurostat — Electricity price statistics — https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics; Eurostat dataset nrg_pc_205 — https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table; IEC 61215-1:2021 ed. 2 — https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345; IEC 61730-1:2016 ed. 2 — https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/25674; IEC 62109-1:2010 — https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470; IEC 62109-2:2011 — https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6471; UL 61730-1 — https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1; WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32012L0019; TARIC Consultation — https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en; USITC HTS — https://hts.usitc.gov/. Editorial policy: every input is cited; the TCO and year-by-year cash flow tables are the scenario model output and are reproduced verbatim; no invented numbers, statistics, or placeholder language. M marks explicit bounded model assumptions. This brief is class-level, non-canonical, and reviewed by TradVolt's internal model-audit function before publication.