TradVolt · CN → World Green-Tech Export · Use-Case Reference Page · Evidence date: 2026-09-22
Verdict (computed by scenario model from the page's own scenario, evidence date 2026-09-22). Equipment: 1,000 kWp DC ground-mount PV array built around the Trina Vertex N family (model TSM-NEG19RC.27, 670 W bifacial TOPCon, 132-half-cell). Location: Peninsular Malaysia, Port Klang import. Horizon: 25 years. Discount rate: 8.00%. Limitation: figures are produced by an computed financial model from the scenario inputs stated in §1 and §4; they are not a quotation, not a tariff forecast, and not an OEM offer.
| Metric | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| NPV | 798,757.89 | USD |
| IRR | 24.03 | % |
| Simple payback | 4.21 | year |
| Discounted payback | 5.33 | year |
| LCOE | 0.0425 | USD/kWh |
| PV of costs | 631,327.81 | USD |
| PV of benefits | 1,430,085.69 | USD |
Decision: positive NPV at the modelled 8% real discount rate, with simple payback of ~4.2 years and discounted payback of ~5.3 years. All financial figures in this page are the verbatim output of the COMPUTED TABLES in §4; no other arithmetic is asserted.
Both actions are repeated at the end of this page. Both links are live routes to TradVolt's B2B intake, not placeholders. Source: https://tradvolt.com/rfq/
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Note / Source row |
|---|---|---|---|
| Module family / model | Trina Vertex N — TSM-NEG19RC.27 (670 W bifacial TOPCon, 132-half-cell) | — | [Claim: 670 W nameplate in Trina Vertex N NEG19RC.27 series, bifacial double-glass TOPCon | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Module STC rated power | 670 | W | From TSM-NEG19RC.27 datasheet nameplate (Trina Vertex N NEG19RC.27 series) |
| Module efficiency | 21.4 – 21.8 | % | [Claim: Vertex N NEG19RC.27 module conversion efficiency band | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Reference system size | 1,000 | kWp (DC) | ≈ 1,493 modules @ 670 W |
| Mounting type | Ground-mount, fixed-tilt | — | Galvanised steel structure, driven-pile foundation; mounting kit family pending at RFQ (see §5) |
| Reference site (illustrative) | Peninsular Malaysia | — | Specific yield used in §4 is illustrative |
| Reference DC/AC ratio | 1.20 – 1.30 | — | Typical range for ground-mount utility scale |
| Cost line | Unit basis | Value (USD) | Share | Source / claim row |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PV modules — Trina Vertex N TSM-NEG19RC.27, FOB China | USD/Wp (DC) | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~45–55% | [Claim: Module FOB pricing band for Vertex N NEG19RC.27; confirmed per RFQ | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| BoS — ground-mount mounting structure | USD/Wp | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~10–15% | [Claim: Galvanised steel ground-mount structure cost band for fixed-tilt utility-scale | Src: IEA, "Renewable Power Generation Costs" series | URL: https://www.iea.org/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| BoS — DC cabling, combiner, DC protection | USD/Wp | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~3–5% | Model assumption (bounded share of CapEx) |
| Inverters (string) | USD/Wp | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~8–12% | Model assumption (bounded share of CapEx); inverter OEM selection pending at RFQ (see §5) |
| MV transformer + MV switchgear | USD/Wp | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~5–8% | Model assumption (bounded share of CapEx) |
| Grid connection / SCADA | lump sum | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~2–4% | Model assumption (bounded share of CapEx) |
| Civil works (piling, grading) | USD/Wp | aggregated inside USD 480,000 total CapEx | ~5–8% | Model assumption (bounded share of CapEx) |
| EPC margin + contingency | % of direct cost | ~8–12% | — | Model assumption |
| Developer soft costs (legal, permits, financing fee) | % | ~3–5% | — | Model assumption |
| Total CapEx used in model | USD/Wp (DC) | 480.00 | 100% | Computed model input (Year 0 cost) |
| Cost line | Basis | Value (USD/yr) | Source row |
|---|---|---|---|
| O&M — scheduled (cleaning, inspection) | USD/kWp/yr | ~5 – 8 | [Claim: O&M benchmark range | Src: IEA, "Renewable Power Generation Costs" series | URL: https://www.iea.org/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Spare parts reserve | USD/kWp/yr | ~1 – 2 | Model assumption |
| Inverter replacement reserve (year 12) | sinking (USD lump sum) | USD 30,000 (≈ 30 / kWp) | Computed model input (Year 12 line) |
| Module degradation | %/yr | 0.5 | [Claim: Annual linear degradation band for bifacial TOPCon | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Insurance | % of CapEx/yr | 0.3 – 0.5% | Model assumption |
| Land lease | MYR/acre/yr | PENDING — lookup | Landowner agreement (out of scope) |
| Year-1 OpEx used in model | USD/yr | 11,000.00 | Computed model input |
The two tables below are produced by the scenario model from the inputs in §1–§3 and the bounded assumptions listed in §4.3. They are the ONLY computed arithmetic on this page. All narrative in §4.1, §4.2 and §4.3 must be read as consistent with these numbers; any apparent conflict is resolved in favour of the tables.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 862,333.30 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 631,327.81 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 3,477,740.75 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 1,430,085.69 |
| NPV (USD) | 798,757.89 |
| IRR | 0.2403 |
| Simple payback (year) | 4.21 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 5.33 |
| LCOE (USD/kWh) | 0.0425 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 480,000.00 | 0.0000 | -480,000.00 | 1.00 | -480,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 11,000.00 | 123,250.00 | 112,250.00 | 0.9259 | 103,935.19 | 1,450,000.00 |
| 2 | 11,220.00 | 124,473.26 | 113,253.26 | 0.8573 | 97,096.41 | 1,442,750.00 |
| 3 | 11,444.40 | 125,708.65 | 114,264.25 | 0.7938 | 90,706.65 | 1,435,536.25 |
| 4 | 11,673.29 | 126,956.31 | 115,283.02 | 0.7350 | 84,736.46 | 1,428,358.57 |
| 5 | 11,906.75 | 128,216.35 | 116,309.60 | 0.6806 | 79,158.36 | 1,421,216.78 |
| 6 | 12,144.89 | 129,488.90 | 117,344.01 | 0.6302 | 73,946.63 | 1,414,110.69 |
| 7 | 12,387.79 | 130,774.08 | 118,386.29 | 0.5835 | 69,077.26 | 1,407,040.14 |
| 8 | 12,635.54 | 132,072.01 | 119,436.47 | 0.5403 | 64,527.81 | 1,400,004.94 |
| 9 | 12,888.25 | 133,382.83 | 120,494.57 | 0.5002 | 60,277.29 | 1,393,004.91 |
| 10 | 13,146.02 | 134,706.65 | 121,560.63 | 0.4632 | 56,306.09 | 1,386,039.89 |
| 11 | 13,408.94 | 136,043.61 | 122,634.67 | 0.4289 | 52,595.91 | 1,379,109.69 |
| 12 | 43,677.12 | 137,393.85 | 93,716.73 | 0.3971 | 37,216.20 | 1,372,214.14 |
| 13 | 13,950.66 | 138,757.48 | 124,806.82 | 0.3677 | 45,891.21 | 1,365,353.07 |
| 14 | 14,229.67 | 140,134.65 | 125,904.98 | 0.3405 | 42,865.74 | 1,358,526.30 |
| 15 | 14,514.27 | 141,525.48 | 127,011.22 | 0.3152 | 40,039.23 | 1,351,733.67 |
| 16 | 14,804.55 | 142,930.12 | 128,125.57 | 0.2919 | 37,398.63 | 1,344,975.00 |
| 17 | 15,100.64 | 144,348.71 | 129,248.06 | 0.2703 | 34,931.74 | 1,338,250.13 |
| 18 | 15,402.66 | 145,781.37 | 130,378.71 | 0.2502 | 32,627.15 | 1,331,558.88 |
| 19 | 15,710.71 | 147,228.25 | 131,517.54 | 0.2317 | 30,474.20 | 1,324,901.08 |
| 20 | 16,024.92 | 148,689.49 | 132,664.56 | 0.2145 | 28,462.94 | 1,318,276.58 |
| 21 | 16,345.42 | 150,165.23 | 133,819.81 | 0.1987 | 26,584.07 | 1,311,685.20 |
| 22 | 16,672.33 | 151,655.62 | 134,983.29 | 0.1839 | 24,828.89 | 1,305,126.77 |
| 23 | 17,005.78 | 153,160.80 | 136,155.03 | 0.1703 | 23,189.28 | 1,298,601.14 |
| 24 | 17,345.89 | 154,680.92 | 137,335.03 | 0.1577 | 21,657.64 | 1,292,108.13 |
| 25 | 17,692.81 | 156,216.13 | 138,523.32 | 0.1460 | 20,226.89 | 1,285,647.59 |
For the scenario: NPV = USD 798,757.89; IRR = 24.03%; simple payback = 4.21 years; discounted payback = 5.33 years; LCOE = 0.0425 USD/kWh. Cost and benefit streams share the same 25-year horizon, the same 8.00% discount rate, and the same CapEx (USD 480,000 at Year 0) shown in the year-by-year cash flow table above.
The Year 0 row contains the full USD 480,000 CapEx; the annual OpEx grows at 2.0%/yr (e.g., USD 11,000 in Year 1, USD 11,220 in Year 2), with a USD 30,000 inverter-replacement lump sum in Year 12 that drives the Year 12 cost to USD 43,677.12. Annual benefit starts at USD 123,250.00 in Year 1 (against delivered energy of 1,450,000 kWh) and grows at 1.0%/yr, while delivered energy declines at 0.5%/yr per the §3 degradation assumption. The numbers in this paragraph are read off the COMPUTED TABLES above; do not infer intermediate values.
The following inputs were not stated in the original draft and are bounded model assumptions; they are NOT cited as sourced facts:
| BoS element | 670 W implication (Trina Vertex N NEG19RC.27) | Source row |
|---|---|---|
| Module dimensions & weight | Verify per OEM datasheet for TSM-NEG19RC.27 at RFQ; Vertex N 132-half-cell 670 W bifacial envelopes are ~2,384 × 1,303 × 35 mm, ~38 kg | [Claim: Vertex N NEG19RC.27 module envelope | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Wind / snow design load | 2,400 Pa front / 1,600 Pa rear typical; ground-mount adds uplift — confirm per project wind zone | [Claim: Mechanical load test values per IEC 61215-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345 | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| String sizing vs inverter MPPT window | Trina Vertex N 670 W modules shift string length up by ≈ 1 module vs 540 W reference; final stringing to be validated against the chosen inverter OEM string-sizing tool at RFQ | Model assumption (inverter selection pending) |
| Container utilisation (40'HQ) | ~600–650 modules per 40'HQ depending on vertical-pack design | [Claim: 40'HQ pack-out band for Vertex N NEG19RC.27 | Src: Trina Solar Vertex N product page | URL: https://www.trinasolar.com/en-glb/product/vertex-n-plus | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Piling pattern & torque | Driven pile or helical screw, soil-class dependent; torque values per OEM install SOP, manual revision confirmed at RFQ | Model assumption (geotech input pending) |
| Mounting structure (rail / clamp family) | Ground-mount rail and clamp selection (e.g., K2 Systems N-Rack ground-mount kit family) to be confirmed at RFQ against the project's geotech and wind zone; install manual revision pending | [Claim: K2 Systems N-Rack ground-mount PV mounting kit family | Src: K2 Systems N-Rack product page | URL: https://k2-systems.com/en/product-solutions/k2-n-rack-system/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Grounding & lightning | IEC 62305-aligned; required by the Malaysian grid operator for grid-connected plants | [Claim: Lightning protection standard family | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 62305 series (designation in text; catalogue URL only) | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Certificate / Standard | Scope | Issuer (accredited) | Source row |
|---|---|---|---|
| IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 / IEC 61215-1-1:2021 / IEC 61215-2:2021 | Design qualification (crystalline Si PV modules) | TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD (request certificate number) | [Claim: Product design-qualification standard for c-Si PV modules | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345 | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| IEC 61730-1:2016 ed2 / IEC 61730-2:2016 | Safety qualification (PV modules) | Same accredited labs | [Claim: PV module safety standard | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 61730-1:2016 ed2 | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/25674 | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| IEC 61701:2020 (optional) | Salt-mist corrosion (coastal sites) | TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD | [Claim: Salt-mist corrosion severity levels | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 61701:2020 (designation in text; catalogue URL only) | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| IEC 62716:2013 (optional) | Ammonia corrosion (agricultural sites) | TÜV Rheinland / TÜV SÜD | [Claim: Ammonia corrosion test | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 62716:2013 (designation in text; catalogue URL only) | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev.7 (2019), §38.3 (UN 38.3) | Lithium battery transport classification (for any BESS shipped with the PV array) | UN | [Claim: UN transport test requirements for lithium cells/batteries | Src: UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Rev.7 (2019), §38.3 (ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7) | URL: https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| ISPM 15 (wood packaging) | Heat-treated / fumigated wooden pallets and dunnage for ocean freight | IPPC ISPMs | [Claim: Wood packaging compliance | Src: IPPC ISPM standards list (incl. ISPM 15) | URL: https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/ispms/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| PID / LeTID resistance | Long-term reliability under high humidity / temperature (per OEM 3rd-party test report) | TÜV / UL / DNV (cert pending) | [Claim: PID test methodology | Src: IEC Webstore — IEC 62804-1:2015 (designation in text; catalogue URL only) | URL: https://webstore.iec.ch/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
Always request the certificate number and the issuing lab's accreditation scope. TradVolt does not display OEM logos or certificate numbers on reference pages without written authorisation; numbers are provided in the signed datasheet pack attached to each RFQ response.
| Layer | Rate | Statute / portal | Source row |
|---|---|---|---|
| HS chapter / heading | 8541 (Photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled in modules) | Royal Malaysian Customs (JKDM) HS portal — lookup on shipment date | [Claim: HS heading 8541 covers PV cells and modules | Src: Royal Malaysian Customs HS classification portal (homepage + HS lookup path; verify live subline at portal on shipment date) | URL: https://www.customs.gov.my/en | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| National 8/10-digit subline | PENDING — lookup | JKDM HS portal — confirm exact subline | PENDING — lookup at the JKDM HS portal on the shipment date |
| Import duty rate | PENDING — lookup | JKDM duty schedule, MITI exemption orders (if applicable) | PENDING — lookup at the JKDM HS portal |
| Sales Tax (SST) | PENDING — lookup | Royal Malaysian Customs — SST portal | PENDING — lookup at the JKDM HS portal |
| MITI / SEDA exemption (if any) | PENDING — lookup | MITI gazette & SEDA Malaysia | PENDING — lookup at the time of import |
| Excise duty | Generally not applicable to PV modules | JKDM | [Claim: Excise duty scope is set by JKDM and does not currently cover PV modules under standard classification | Src: Royal Malaysian Customs (homepage + excise schedule path) | URL: https://www.customs.gov.my/en | accessed 2026-09-22] |
| Incoterm for ocean freight | FOB Shanghai / Ningbo → CFR/CIF/DAP Port Klang | ICC Incoterms 2020 | [Claim: Incoterms 2020 definitions for FOB, CFR, CIF, DAP | Src: ICC Incoterms 2020 official rules page | URL: https://iccwbo.org/business-solutions/incoterms-rules/incoterms-2020/ | accessed 2026-09-22] |
TradVolt does not hardcode duty or SST rates. Every shipment must be re-quoted against the JKDM HS portal and any active MITI exemption order on the actual shipment date. Mark every line above as PENDING — lookup until the JKDM portal confirms the rate against the actual 8/10-digit national subline.
Submission routes through TradVolt's intake. Source: https://tradvolt.com/rfq/. TradVolt replies within 48 hours with an itemised landed-cost sheet. The RFQ intake accepts SKU, quantity, incoterm, certifications, target HS code (if known) and free-text notes; do not attach confidential pricing in the free-text field.