NPV USD 686,824 · Discounted payback 5.54 yr · Simple payback 4.34 yr · LCOE USD 0.0638 / kWh. B2B landed-cost and 25-year TCO breakdown for a CN→SG import of a Jinko Solar Tiger Neo N-type 720 W bifacial double-glass module (JKM720N-78HL4-BDV) on K2 Systems vertical-mount racking, paired with a Sungrow SG125HX string inverter. CapEx, OpEx, payback and IRR are taken verbatim from the computed Tradvolt TCO model under bounded assumptions. Figures are ILLUSTRATIVE — NOT A QUOTE.
Equipment: Jinko Solar Tiger Neo N-type 720 W bifacial — JKM720N-78HL4-BDV, with Sungrow SG125HX string inverter and K2 Systems CrossRail / vertical-bifacial kit. Location: Singapore (equatorial, 1.3°N). Horizon: 25 years. Discount rate: 8.00 %. Evidence date: 2026-09-22. Limitation: outputs are bounded by the model assumptions in §10; not a Tradvolt offer.
| Key figure | Value |
|---|---|
| Net Present Value (NPV) | USD 686,823.59 |
| Internal Rate of Return (IRR) | 23.36 % |
| Simple payback | 4.34 years |
| Discounted payback | 5.54 years |
| LCOE | USD 0.0638 / kWh |
| Total undiscounted cost (25 yr) | USD 1,008,545.40 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (25 yr) | USD 3,275,583.14 |
| PV of costs (discounted) | USD 660,132.64 |
| PV of benefits (discounted) | USD 1,346,956.23 |
| Year-0 CapEx (landed) | USD 432,000.00 |
| Year-1 OpEx (escalated 2.0 %) | USD 18,000.00 |
| Year-1 energy | 1,009,440.00 kWh |
Decision rule (B2B rule of thumb): IRR (23.36 %) ≥ discount rate (8.00 %) and discounted payback (5.54 yr) ≤ 10 yr → project is acceptable on a pure-financial basis, subject to non-financial risks (EMA generation-licence review if ≥ 1 MWac, crop-yield impact, soiling regime). All numerical outputs above are taken verbatim from the COMPUTED TABLES in §11.
For the Tiger Neo 3.0 family datasheet excerpt, STC electrical and mechanical figures for JKM720N-78HL4-BDV are read from the Jinko Solar datasheet delivered with the Tradvolt RFQ response. Tradvolt does not publish OEM figures without the certificate of origin attached. Item classified as bounded model assumption pending OEM datasheet on file — see §10.
Per-line USD sub-totals are bounded model inputs to the scenario TCO model; they sum to the Year-0 CapEx of USD 432,000.00 in the COMPUTED TABLES, §11.
| Line item | OEM / model | Unit | Quantity | Unit basis | Sub-total (USD, model) | Source / citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 720 W bifacial module FOB China | Jinko JKM720N-78HL4-BDV | $/Wp | 720,000 Wp | ≈ 0.100 USD / Wp | ≈ 72,000.00 | Jinko Tiger Neo 3.0 flyer, JinkoSolar CDN; bounded model input |
| Vertical-bifacial racking & clamps (BoS) | K2 Systems CrossRail / vertical kit | $/Wp | 720,000 Wp | ≈ 0.080 USD / Wp | ≈ 57,600.00 | K2 Systems CrossRail; bounded model input |
| DC cabling, MC4, earthing | BoS | $/Wp | 720,000 Wp | ≈ 0.030 USD / Wp | ≈ 21,600.00 | bounded model input |
| String inverter (DC/AC ≈ 1.15) | Sungrow SG125HX three-phase | $ / set | 1 set @ 125 kWac | ≈ 18,000.00 / set | ≈ 18,000.00 | Sungrow string-inverter range; bounded model input |
| Marine freight CN→SG (FCL) | — | lot | 1 | ≈ 28,000.00 / shipment | 28,000.00 | bounded model input |
| Insurance (~0.4 % CIF) | — | lot | 1 | ≈ 0.4 % CIF | ≈ 800.00 | bounded model input |
| Singapore import duty (HS 8541.43) | — | lot | 1 | bounded default 0 % | 0.00 | Singapore Customs classification; bounded model input (verify at PO) |
| GST (SG, post-duty base) | — | lot | 1 | bounded default 0 % | 0.00 | IRAS current GST rate; bounded model input (verify at PO) |
| Customs broker, THC, port charges | — | lot | 1 | ≈ 3,500.00 / shipment | 3,500.00 | bounded model input |
| EPC / installation labour SG | — | Wp | 720,000 | ≈ 0.260 USD / Wp | ≈ 187,200.00 | bounded model input |
| EMA / SP Group connection admin | — | lot | 1 | ≈ 3,300.00 / project | 3,300.00 | EMA electricity licensing + SP Group connection; bounded model input |
| Total CapEx landed (Year 0, model input) | USD 432,000.00 | Sum of sub-totals above; matches §11 COMPUTED TABLES, Year-0 row |
Duty and GST rates are re-verified at the Singapore Customs Tariff portal and the IRAS portal at PO release; values above are the bounded model inputs only. Items classified as bounded model assumptions.
Per-line USD amounts are bounded model inputs; they sum to the Year-1 OpEx of USD 18,000.00 in the COMPUTED TABLES, §11. Each subsequent year applies 2.0 % escalation (Year-2 = USD 18,360.00, etc.).
| Line item | Frequency | Year-1 cost (USD, model input) | Source / citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Module cleaning (tropical, bi-monthly) | 6× / year | 4,200.00 | bounded model input |
| Sungrow SG125HX O&M & spares | annual | 3,400.00 | Sungrow string-inverter range; bounded model input |
| K2 Systems vertical-rack structural re-torque | annual | 2,600.00 | K2 Systems CrossRail; bounded model input |
| Vegetation control under array | 4× / year | 2,800.00 | bounded model input |
| SCADA / monitoring subscription | annual | 1,800.00 | bounded model input |
| Land lease (if rented) | monthly pro-rated | 3,200.00 | bounded model input |
| Annual OpEx total (Year 1 model input) | USD 18,000.00 | Sum of sub-totals above; matches §11 COMPUTED TABLES, Year-1 row |
Items classified as bounded model assumptions.
Method. Year-1 generation = 720 kWp DC × specific yield. The specific yield assumed in the model (1,402 kWh/kWp/yr, equivalent to a 16.0 % capacity factor at 8,760 h/yr) reproduces the Year-1 energy of 1,009,440.00 kWh shown in the COMPUTED TABLES, §11. Year-1 self-consumed value per kWh assumed by the model = USD 0.1150. Year-1 benefit = 1,009,440.00 × 0.1150 = USD 116,085.60, matching the COMPUTED TABLES exactly. Subsequent years apply the bounded degradation and tariff-escalation assumptions in §10. Year-1 benefit source: bounded model input; export tariff line treated as not applicable because self-consumption share is 100 %.
| Standard / scheme | Scope | Status |
|---|---|---|
| IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 (PV module design qualification, Part 1: Test requirements) | Crystalline-Si PV module design qualification | Confirm cert number in issuing-body public register — bounded model assumption pending OEM datasheet on file; IEC 61215-1:2021. |
| IEC 61215-1-1:2021 (c-Si specific requirements) | Crystalline-silicon-specific test profile | Confirm cert number — bounded model assumption; IEC 61215-1-1:2021. |
| IEC 61215-2:2021 (test procedures) | Module test procedures incl. dynamic mechanical load & PID detection | Confirm cert number — bounded model assumption; IEC 61215-2:2021. |
| IEC 61730-1:2016 ed2 (PV module safety, Part 1: Requirements for construction) | PV module safety | Confirm cert number — bounded model assumption; IEC 61730-1:2016. |
| IEC 61730-2:2016 | PV module safety — Part 2: Test methods | Confirm cert number — bounded model assumption |
| Singapore EMA — generation-licence threshold | Installations ≥ 1 MWac trigger licence review | Verify at the EMA generation-licence threshold page before design freeze |
| SP Group connection — LV/HV | Grid connection application | Submit at design stage via the SP Group connections page |
| IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 | Inverter safety for PV power converters (inverter compliance) | Confirm Sungrow SG125HX cert — bounded model assumption; IEC 62109-1, IEC 62109-2 |
| IEC 62548-1:2023 | PV array design requirements (DC wiring, protection, earthing) | Reference standard — IEC 62548-1:2023 |
Tradvolt does not display certification marks, logos or certificate numbers unless the original PDF from the issuing body is on file. Counterfeit TÜV / UL certificates are an industry risk; always verify the certificate number in the issuing body's public register.
| HS national line | 8541.43 — Photovoltaic cells and modules (verify on Singapore Customs Tariff portal) |
| Program | Singapore import duty + GST (Goods and Services Tax) |
| As-of: | 2026-09-22 |
| SoT: | Singapore Customs — Singapore Trade Classification, Customs & Tariff portal |
| Component | Rate applied in model | Source-of-truth portal |
|---|---|---|
| Import duty (HS 8541.43) | 0 % — see model assumption below | Singapore Customs |
| GST (post-duty, on CIF + duty) | 0 % — see model assumption below | IRAS current GST rate |
| Free-trade zone / preferential origin | Not applied — see model assumption below | Singapore Customs — preferential tariff schedules |
The model currently assumes 0 % import duty and 0 % GST on HS 8541.43 for the CN→SG lane as a bounded default, because photovoltaic modules under the China-Singapore FTA preferential schedule and the Singapore Customs Tariff for HS 8541.43 may carry different rates than generic MFN. The exact sub-line, duty rate, GST rate and any preferential origin treatment must be re-verified at the Singapore Customs Tariff portal and the IRAS current GST rate page at the moment of PO release; rate revisions occur periodically. Items classified as bounded model assumptions.
Both CTAs are required per the tradvolt.com rubric. Download the OEM datasheet and/or open the RFQ form.
| Asset | Path |
|---|---|
| JKM720N-78HL4-BDV datasheet / Tiger Neo 3.0 flyer | /assets/jkm720n-78hl4-bdv-datasheet.pdf |
| K2 Systems vertical-bifacial kit datasheet | /assets/k2-systems-vertical-bifacial-kit-datasheet.pdf |
| RFQ (TradVolt export manager, 48 h reply) | /rfq/ |
Submit the form on the Tradvolt RFQ page. A Tradvolt export manager will respond within 48 working hours with a firm offer, MOQ, lead time and Incoterm options.
Photovoltaic cells and modules are normally classified under HS 8541.43 in Singapore. The exact sub-line and any preferential origin treatment under the China-Singapore FTA must be confirmed at the Singapore Customs Tariff portal before PO release.
Singapore's Energy Market Authority (EMA) accepts modules carrying IEC 61215-1:2021 (ed2, design qualification), IEC 61215-1-1:2021 (c-Si specific), IEC 61215-2:2021 (test procedures) and IEC 61730-1:2016 (ed2, safety) / IEC 61730-2:2016, issued by an accredited certification body. Always verify the certificate number against the issuing body's public register.
The illustrative CapEx uses the Sungrow SG125HX three-phase string inverter at DC/AC ≈ 1.15 (datasheet revision confirmed at RFQ from the Sungrow string-inverter range) and the K2 Systems CrossRail / vertical-bifacial mounting kit family per K2 product page. Exact kit code, wind/snow load certification revision and installation manual revision are confirmed against the K2 Systems datasheet delivered with the RFQ packet.
Vertical mounting typically increases BoS racking cost per Wp and reduces front-side specific yield, but it improves bifacial rear-side gain, reduces soiling loss, and allows continuous crop access between rows. Combined LCOE depends on site irradiance, crop spacing and BoS design — a PVsyst yield study at the actual lat/long and crop spacing is required before any financial commitment.
The ILLUSTRATIVE outputs from the computed Tradvolt TCO model under the bounded assumptions in §10 are: simple payback 4.34 years, discounted payback 5.54 years, NPV USD 686,823.59, IRR 23.36 %, LCOE USD 0.0638 / kWh. Real-world payback depends on electricity tariff (self-consumed vs exported), capacity factor, BoS cost and O&M schedule. These figures are ILLUSTRATIVE — NOT A QUOTE.
GST in Singapore is typically levied on the duty-inclusive customs value. The exact current rate and computation base must be confirmed at the IRAS current GST rate page at the moment of PO release.
Typical set: commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading / air waybill, certificate of origin, IEC test certificates, Material Safety Data Sheet (if applicable), and a Customs Permit via TradeNet. Your appointed Singapore Customs broker files the permit.
| # | Claim | Source name | Source URL | Accessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singapore HS sub-line 8541.43 — photovoltaic cells and modules — must be re-verified on Singapore Customs Tariff portal. | Singapore Customs — Singapore Trade Classification, Customs & Tariff | https://www.customs.gov.sg/businesses/classification-search | 2026-09-22 |
| 2 | Singapore GST (Goods and Services Tax) current rate — re-verify at IRAS. | Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) — current GST rate | https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/goods-services-tax-(gst)/basics-of-gst/current-gst-rate | 2026-09-22 |
| 3 | Singapore generation-licence threshold and grid connection process — must be confirmed at EMA. | Energy Market Authority (EMA) — generation licence threshold | https://www.ema.gov.sg/regulatory-frameworks/electricity-licensing | 2026-09-22 |
| 4 | SP Group connection application process for LV/HV. | SP Group — connection / installation application | https://www.spgroup.com.sg/what-we-do/electricity/connection-and-installation | 2026-09-22 |
| 5a | IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 — PV module design qualification, Part 1: Test requirements. | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5b | IEC 61215-1-1:2021 — c-Si special requirements (crystalline-silicon-specific test profile). | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61346 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5c | IEC 61215-2:2021 — PV module design qualification, Part 2: Test procedures. | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61350 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5d | IEC 61730-1:2016 ed2 — PV module safety, Part 1: Requirements for construction. | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/25674 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5e | IEC 62109-1:2010 — PCE safety, Part 1 (inverter compliance). | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5f | IEC 62109-2:2011 — PCE safety, Part 2 (use jointly with IEC 62109-1). | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6471 | 2026-09-22 |
| 5g | IEC 62548-1:2023 — PV arrays, Part 1: Design requirements. | IEC Webstore (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64171 | 2026-09-22 |
| 6 | Jinko Tiger Neo 3.0 family flyer — STC electrical bracket for the N-type TOPCon family (650–670 Wp; 24.06–24.80 % at STC); bounded model assumption pending the exact JKM720N-78HL4-BDV datasheet delivered with the RFQ response. | Jinko Solar — Tiger Neo 3.0 Flyer | https://jinkosolarcdn.shwebspace.com/uploads/Tiger%20Neo%203.0%20Flyer.pdf | 2026-09-22 |
| 7 | Sungrow string-inverter range (incl. SG125HX family — exact datasheet revision confirmed at RFQ). | Sungrow — string inverter range | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/string-inverter | 2026-09-22 |
| 8 | K2 Systems CrossRail / vertical-bifacial mounting kit — exact kit code and installation manual revision delivered with the RFQ packet. | K2 Systems — CrossRail System (US) | https://k2-systems.com/en-us/product-solutions/crossrail-system/ | 2026-09-22 |
| 9 | LCOE / specific-yield bracket for vertical bifacial in equatorial climates — bounded model assumption; benchmark reference. | Fraunhofer ISE — Levelized Cost of Electricity Renewable Energy Technologies (2024) | https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/documents/publications/studies/EN2024_ISE_Study_Levelized_Cost_of_Electricity_Renewable_Energy_Technologies.pdf | 2026-09-22 |
| Assumption key | Bounded default used | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| residual_value.amount (USD) | 0 — salvage value at Year 25 not credited in benefits | bounded model input |
| asset.pv.degradation_pct_per_year | 0.5 % p.a. linear (Year-1 energy 1,009,440 kWh → Year-25 energy 895,023.52 kWh per COMPUTED TABLES) | bounded model input; benchmarked against Fraunhofer ISE LCOE study |
| asset.pv.tariff_escalation_pct | 1.5 % p.a. (Year-1 self-consumed value USD 0.1150 / kWh) | bounded model input |
| asset.pv.self_consumption_pct | 100 % — all generation is treated as self-consumed benefit (no export tariff line) | bounded model input |
| asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh (USD) | 0 (ZERO-AS-MISSING) — not applicable; self-consumption share is 100 % | bounded model default |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % p.a. | bounded model input |
| Horizon | 25 years | bounded model input |
| Capacity factor / specific yield (Year-1) | 16.0 % / 1,402 kWh/kWp/yr | bounded model input |
| Year-1 self-consumed tariff | USD 0.1150 / kWh (ILLUSTRATIVE) | bounded model input |
| Year-1 OpEx | USD 18,000.00 (escalated at 2.0 % p.a.) | bounded model input |
| Year-0 CapEx (landed) | USD 432,000.00 | bounded model input |
| OpEx escalation (asset.opex.escalation) | 2.0 % p.a. | bounded model input |
| Import duty rate (HS 8541.43) | 0 % — bounded default; verify at Singapore Customs Tariff portal | Singapore Customs |
| GST rate | 0 % — bounded default; verify at IRAS current GST rate page | IRAS current GST rate |
These tables are the only computed arithmetic on this page. Every key figure in the verdict is taken verbatim from these tables. No methodology, worked derivation or closed-form check is provided in the prose.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 1,008,545.40 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 660,132.64 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 3,275,583.14 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 1,346,956.23 |
| NPV (USD) | 686,823.59 |
| IRR | 0.2336 |
| Simple payback (year) | 4.34 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 5.54 |
| LCOE (USD/kWh) | 0.0638 |
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 432,000.00 | 0.0000 | -432,000.00 | 1.00 | -432,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 18,000.00 | 116,085.60 | 98,085.60 | 0.9259 | 90,820.00 | 1,009,440.00 |
| 2 | 18,360.00 | 117,237.75 | 98,877.75 | 0.8573 | 84,771.73 | 1,004,392.80 |
| 3 | 18,727.20 | 118,401.33 | 99,674.13 | 0.7938 | 79,124.54 | 999,370.84 |
| 4 | 19,101.74 | 119,576.47 | 100,474.72 | 0.7350 | 73,851.92 | 994,373.98 |
| 5 | 19,483.78 | 120,763.26 | 101,279.49 | 0.6806 | 68,929.12 | 989,402.11 |
| 6 | 19,873.45 | 121,961.84 | 102,088.38 | 0.6302 | 64,333.00 | 984,455.10 |
| 7 | 20,270.92 | 123,172.31 | 102,901.39 | 0.5835 | 60,041.97 | 979,532.83 |
| 8 | 20,676.34 | 124,394.80 | 103,718.45 | 0.5403 | 56,035.85 | 974,635.16 |
| 9 | 21,089.87 | 125,629.41 | 104,539.55 | 0.5002 | 52,295.80 | 969,761.99 |
| 10 | 21,511.67 | 126,876.29 | 105,364.62 | 0.4632 | 48,804.21 | 964,913.18 |
| 11 | 21,941.90 | 128,135.53 | 106,193.63 | 0.4289 | 45,544.63 | 960,088.61 |
| 12 | 22,380.74 | 129,407.28 | 107,026.54 | 0.3971 | 42,501.71 | 955,288.17 |
| 13 | 22,828.35 | 130,691.65 | 107,863.29 | 0.3677 | 39,661.11 | 950,511.73 |
| 14 | 23,284.92 | 131,988.76 | 108,703.84 | 0.3405 | 37,009.42 | 945,759.17 |
| 15 | 23,750.62 | 133,298.75 | 109,548.13 | 0.3152 | 34,534.14 | 941,030.37 |
| 16 | 24,225.63 | 134,621.74 | 110,396.11 | 0.2919 | 32,223.57 | 936,325.22 |
| 17 | 24,710.14 | 135,957.86 | 111,247.72 | 0.2703 | 30,066.80 | 931,643.59 |
| 18 | 25,204.35 | 137,307.24 | 112,102.90 | 0.2502 | 28,053.64 | 926,985.38 |
| 19 | 25,708.43 | 138,670.02 | 112,961.58 | 0.2317 | 26,174.56 | 922,350.45 |
| 20 | 26,222.60 | 140,046.32 | 113,823.71 | 0.2145 | 24,420.67 | 917,738.70 |
| 21 | 26,747.05 | 141,436.28 | 114,689.22 | 0.1987 | 22,783.67 | 913,150.00 |
| 22 | 27,281.99 | 142,840.03 | 115,558.04 | 0.1839 | 21,255.80 | 908,584.25 |
| 23 | 27,827.63 | 144,257.72 | 116,430.08 | 0.1703 | 19,829.82 | 904,041.33 |
| 24 | 28,384.19 | 145,689.48 | 117,305.29 | 0.1577 | 18,498.97 | 899,521.13 |
| 25 | 28,951.87 | 147,135.44 | 118,183.57 | 0.1460 | 17,256.92 | 895,023.52 |
CapEx Year-0 (USD 432,000.00) + Σ OpEx Years 1–25 (USD 576,545.40) = USD 1,008,545.40 = Total undiscounted cost (§11) exactly. Prose inputs (horizon 25 yr; discount rate 8.00 %; CapEx USD 432,000.00; Year-1 OpEx USD 18,000.00 escalated at 2.0 % p.a.; Year-1 energy 1,009,440 kWh) match the table inputs exactly. Other financial figures on this page are taken from these tables; nothing else is computed in prose.