TradVolt › Use-Cases › Military Base Solar 2 MWp — India (Rajasthan cluster, ~R9)
Verdict (answer-first). At base inputs (2 MWp DC ground-mount PV, 25-year horizon, 9.00% discount rate, scenario model), the system returns LCOE = 1.41 INR/kWh, NPV = 239,297,508 INR, IRR = 73.45%, simple payback = 1.376 yr, discounted payback = 1.544 yr. Equipment family: 2 MWp DC ground-mount PV string-inverter plant anchored on JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V N-type TOPCon modules and Huawei SUN2000-330KTL-H1 string inverters. Location: western Rajasthan, MERIT India insolation cluster R9 (Jodhpur/Bikaner). Horizon: 25 years. Evidence date: computed 2025-01-15 from scenario model; standards and tender sources current to 2024. Limitation: model assumes avoided blended tariff value, no curtailment, no storage in baseline, and an indicative capex band — not a procurement award. Decision: proceed at base inputs; the discounted payback is achieved inside year 2, so procurement risk is dominated by capex and tariff-escalation assumptions rather than horizon length.
| Decision criterion | Base value | Threshold | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| LCOE | 1.4061 INR/kWh | < avoided tariff (7.50 INR/kWh) | Proceed |
| NPV (25 yr, 9% WACC) | 239,297,508 INR | > 0 | Proceed |
| IRR | 73.45% | > WACC (9%) | Proceed |
| Simple payback | 1.376 yr | < 5 yr | Proceed |
| Discounted payback | 1.544 yr | < 6 yr | Proceed |
These are the scenario model outputs. They are the ONLY financial figures on this page. Inputs in §2 reproduce the model assumptions.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Currency | INR |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 9.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (INR) | 68,827,269.75 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (INR) | 47,833,113.56 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (INR) | 761,858,014.69 |
| Total discounted benefit (INR) | 287,130,621.51 |
| NPV (INR) | 239,297,507.94 |
| IRR | 0.7345 |
| Simple payback (year) | 1.38 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 1.54 |
| LCOE (INR/kWh) | 1.41 |
Sourced rows carry a URL; rows flagged ASSUMPTION are bounded model inputs and must be refreshed before procurement.
| Parameter | Value | Unit | Type | Source / note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nameplate capacity (DC) | 2,000 | kWp | Project spec | ASSUMPTION — project specification |
| Performance Ratio, year 1 | 0.82 | dimensionless | ASSUMPTION (within band) | Typical PR band 0.78–0.84 for hot-dry ground-mount per IEA PVPS Trends in PV Applications 2024, Table 3 (PR band by climate zone): https://iea-pvps.org/trends-reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2024/ |
| Specific yield, year 1 | 1,800 | kWh/kWp / yr | Reference | EU PVGIS (PVGIS-SARAH2) for Rajasthan cluster (Jodhpur/Bikaner) ~1,700–1,900 kWh/kWp/yr; re-derive at RFQ: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/. MERIT India yield atlas is the national reference but its public URL is bot-walled and could not be verified at publish time — treat as PENDING. |
| Annual degradation (linear) | 0.50% | per year | Reference | Manufacturer warranty basis (JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V linear-performance warranty: 0.40%/yr first year, 0.50%/yr years 2–25; 12-yr product, 25-yr linear power). See §5 datasheet anchors. |
| Capex (EPC, ground-mount, DC) | 36,000,000 | INR (≈ INR 18/Wp) | Reference band | UK DESNZ Solar PV Cost Data C&I ground-mount EPC benchmark band (refresh from latest annual release): https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/solar-pv-cost-data. Indian tender benchmark (SECI CPSU Phase-II RfP PDF) is the parallel national source; URL is tender-portal-rotating and was not stable at publish time — treat as PENDING. |
| Annual fixed O&M (year 1) | 900,000 | INR / yr | ASSUMPTION (bounded default) | Bounded default opex.fixed_pct_of_capex = 2.5% of capex in INR. Not a sourced figure. |
| O&M escalation | 2.0% | per year | ASSUMPTION (model default) | Bounded default opex.escalation_pct = 2.0% p.a. |
| Inverter replacement (year 12) | 4,000,000 | INR (one-off) | ASSUMPTION | Bounded default inverter_replacement.amount = 11.1% of capex at year 12; refresh against Huawei SUN2000-330KTL-H1 spare-parts quote at RFQ. |
| Residual value | 0 | INR | ASSUMPTION (model default) | Bounded default residual_value.amount = 0 at year 25 |
| Discount rate (WACC) | 9.0% | per year | ASSUMPTION | Bounded default discount_rate = 9.00% p.a. Indian 10Y G-Sec is referenced as a sanity check via RBI public-debt publications (no specific document edition asserted here). |
| Asset life | 25 | years | Reference | PV module linear-performance warranty horizon (JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V 25-yr linear power) — see §5 datasheet anchors. |
| Avoided grid tariff (year 1, BTM) | 7.50 | INR / kWh | ASSUMPTION (bounded default) | Bounded default asset.pv.tariff_per_kwh = 7.50 INR/kWh; refresh from latest DISCOM tariff order at RFQ. |
| Tariff escalation | 1.0% | per year | ASSUMPTION (model default) | Bounded default asset.pv.tariff_escalation_pct = 1.0% p.a. |
| Self-consumption share | 100% | of generation | ASSUMPTION (model default) | Bounded default asset.pv.self_consumption_pct (BTM, no export) |
| Export tariff | 0.00 | INR/kWh | ASSUMPTION (model default) | Bounded default asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh = ZERO-AS-MISSING (BTM baseline, no export credit modelled) |
Copied verbatim from the scenario model. Discount factor uses r = 0.09; degradation 0.5%/yr; opex escalation 2%/yr; inverter swap year 12.
| Year | Cost (INR) | Benefit (INR) | Net (INR) | Discount factor | Discounted net (INR) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 36,000,000.00 | 0.0000 | -36,000,000.00 | 1.00 | -36,000,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 900,000.00 | 27,000,000.00 | 26,100,000.00 | 0.9174 | 23,944,954.13 | 3,600,000.00 |
| 2 | 918,000.00 | 27,267,975.00 | 26,349,975.00 | 0.8417 | 22,178,246.78 | 3,582,000.00 |
| 3 | 936,360.00 | 27,538,609.65 | 26,602,249.65 | 0.7722 | 20,541,817.71 | 3,564,090.00 |
| 4 | 955,087.20 | 27,811,930.35 | 26,856,843.15 | 0.7084 | 19,026,064.78 | 3,546,269.55 |
| 5 | 974,188.94 | 28,087,963.76 | 27,113,774.82 | 0.6499 | 17,622,093.25 | 3,528,538.20 |
| 6 | 993,672.72 | 28,366,736.80 | 27,373,064.08 | 0.5963 | 16,321,663.75 | 3,510,895.51 |
| 7 | 1,013,546.18 | 28,648,276.66 | 27,634,730.49 | 0.5470 | 15,117,143.92 | 3,493,341.03 |
| 8 | 1,033,817.10 | 28,932,610.81 | 27,898,793.71 | 0.5019 | 14,001,463.81 | 3,475,874.33 |
| 9 | 1,054,493.44 | 29,219,766.97 | 28,165,273.53 | 0.4604 | 12,968,074.35 | 3,458,494.96 |
| 10 | 1,075,583.31 | 29,509,773.16 | 28,434,189.85 | 0.4224 | 12,010,909.08 | 3,441,202.48 |
| 11 | 1,097,094.98 | 29,802,657.66 | 28,705,562.68 | 0.3875 | 11,124,348.53 | 3,423,996.47 |
| 12 | 5,119,036.88 | 30,098,449.04 | 24,979,412.16 | 0.3555 | 8,881,048.43 | 3,406,876.49 |
| 13 | 1,141,417.62 | 30,397,176.14 | 29,255,758.53 | 0.3262 | 9,542,603.73 | 3,389,842.10 |
| 14 | 1,164,245.97 | 30,698,868.12 | 29,534,622.15 | 0.2992 | 8,838,131.27 | 3,372,892.89 |
| 15 | 1,187,530.89 | 31,003,554.38 | 29,816,023.49 | 0.2745 | 8,185,632.69 | 3,356,028.43 |
| 16 | 1,211,281.50 | 31,311,264.66 | 30,099,983.15 | 0.2519 | 7,581,275.61 | 3,339,248.29 |
| 17 | 1,235,507.13 | 31,622,028.96 | 30,386,521.83 | 0.2311 | 7,021,510.13 | 3,322,552.05 |
| 18 | 1,260,217.28 | 31,935,877.60 | 30,675,660.32 | 0.2120 | 6,503,047.96 | 3,305,939.29 |
| 19 | 1,285,421.62 | 32,252,841.18 | 30,967,419.56 | 0.1945 | 6,022,843.21 | 3,289,409.59 |
| 20 | 1,311,130.06 | 32,572,950.63 | 31,261,820.58 | 0.1784 | 5,578,074.46 | 3,272,962.54 |
| 21 | 1,337,352.66 | 32,896,237.17 | 31,558,884.51 | 0.1637 | 5,166,128.30 | 3,256,597.73 |
| 22 | 1,364,099.71 | 33,222,732.32 | 31,858,632.61 | 0.1502 | 4,784,583.93 | 3,240,314.74 |
| 23 | 1,391,381.70 | 33,552,467.94 | 32,161,086.24 | 0.1378 | 4,431,199.02 | 3,224,113.17 |
| 24 | 1,419,209.34 | 33,885,476.18 | 32,466,266.85 | 0.1264 | 4,103,896.54 | 3,207,992.60 |
| 25 | 1,447,593.52 | 34,221,789.53 | 32,774,196.01 | 0.1160 | 3,800,752.57 | 3,191,952.64 |
Procurement is anchored on a single BoM: JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V modules paired with Huawei SUN2000-330KTL-H1 string inverters. Alternative models listed are reference substitutes only and are not used in the §3 model. All product names below are public; exact datasheet revision and user-manual revision are confirmed at RFQ.
| Item | Anchored model | Qty for 2 MWp DC | Datasheet / product page | Spec / manual confirmation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PV modules (N-type TOPCon, anchor) | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V (N-type TOPCon, 560–580 Wp bin) | ≈ 3,600–3,700 modules (560–580 Wp bin) | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 datasheet (JKM650-670N-66QL6-BDV-F1-EN), edition STC 650-670 Wp, 24.06-24.80%, Voc 50.98V, Isc 16.22A at 670W; linear performance warranty 0.40%/yr first year, 0.50%/yr years 2–25; 12-yr product / 25-yr linear power: https://jinkosolarcdn.shwebspace.com/uploads/Tiger%20Neo%203.0%20Flyer.pdf. Product family page: https://www.jinkosolar.com/en/site/tigerneo_3 | Confirm exact JKM-N-72HL4R-V datasheet revision (and bin 560-580 Wp) against OEM PDF at RFQ; confirm linear-performance warranty terms (0.40%/yr first year, 0.50%/yr years 2-25; 12-yr product / 25-yr linear power). |
| String inverter (anchor) | Huawei SUN2000-330KTL-H1 (1500 V DC, 330 kW) | ≈ 6–8 units | Huawei FusionSolar SUN2000-330KTL-H1 product page: https://solar.huawei.com/en/products/sun2000-330ktl-h1 | Confirm SUN2000-330KTL-H1 user-manual revision at RFQ; max DC voltage 1500 V, 8-MPPT, IP66. |
| PV modules (reference substitute) | LONGi Hi-MO 9 (HPBC 2.0 back-contact, up to 670 W, up to 24.8% efficiency; 12-yr product / 30-yr power warranty; bifaciality up to 80%) | alt. to anchor | https://www.longi.com/en/products/modules/hi-mo-9/ | Reference only; not used in the scenario model. |
| PV modules (reference substitute) | Canadian Solar TopHiKu6 (up to 620 W, up to 23.0% efficiency; -0.29%/C Pmax; 12-yr materials & workmanship / 30-yr linear power; 5400 Pa snow / 2400 Pa wind) | alt. to anchor | https://www.canadiansolar.com/na/tophiku6/ | Reference only; not used in the scenario model. |
| String inverter (reference substitute) | Sungrow SG125HT (C&I 3-phase string inverter family) | alt. to anchor | https://www.sungrowpower.com/en/products/string-inverter | Reference only; not used in the scenario model. |
| Mounting structure | K2 Systems N-Rack ground-mount system (driven-pile) | ≈ 2 MWp lot | K2 Systems N-Rack product page: https://k2-systems.com/en/product-solutions/k2-n-rack-system/ | Confirm exact rail/kit model designation and installation-manual revision at RFQ. |
| DC combiners / SCADA | Huawei SmartLogger / per-inverter string monitoring (Modbus TCP / RS485) | per inverter | Huawei FusionSolar (gateway model confirmed at RFQ): https://solar.huawei.com/en | Confirm gateway model and firmware revision at RFQ. |
| (Optional) BESS — not in baseline | BYD MC Cube / HVS/HVM commercial-industrial LFP family | none in baseline | https://www.bydenergy.com/ | Not modelled; add only with site load profile and dispatch assumptions. |
For any limit or claim that depends on a specific edition, cite the issuing body, document number, and revision in the procurement record. No document numbers are asserted on this page beyond those with verified URLs.
| Domain | Standard | Issuing body | Document page | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PV module safety (UL mirror) | UL 61730-1 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification — Part 1 | UL | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1 | Cite designation+edition in procurement record. |
| EV charging (not in baseline) | IEC 61851-1:2017 Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 1 | IEC | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/33644 | Not in baseline; cite only if fleet EV charging is added to scope. |
| Stationary battery (only if BESS added) | UL 1973 Batteries for Use in Stationary and Motive Auxiliary Power Applications | UL | https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productid=UL1973 | Not in baseline; cite only if BESS added. |
| PV module design qualification (crystalline-Si & thin-film) | IEC 61215-1:2021 ed 2.0 — Design qualification test requirements | IEC (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345 | Cite designation+edition in procurement record. |
| PCE (inverter) safety, general | IEC 62109-1:2010 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems, Part 1: General requirements | IEC (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470 | Cite designation+edition in procurement record. |
| PCE (inverter) safety, inverters | IEC 62109-2:2011 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems, Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters; use jointly with IEC 62109-1 | IEC (TC 82) | https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6471 | Cite designation+edition in procurement record. |
| EU Battery Regulation (only if exporting to EU) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 | EU | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj | Not in baseline; cite only if EU export applies. |
| Lithium battery transport (only if BESS added) | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 — UN 38.3 provisions | UNECE | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria | Cite full designation in text; not applicable to baseline (no BESS). |
| PV module / inverter / system performance (international) | IEC 61215 (all parts), IEC 61730-1/-2, IEC 62109-1/-2, IEC 61724-1 | IEC | IEC Webstore catalogue lookup: https://webstore.iec.ch/ | Cite full designation IEC NNNN:YYYY + edition in procurement record. No specific publication IDs are asserted on this page. |
| India module / inverter standards | BIS IS 14286 (crystalline-Si PV modules) / IS 16077 (PV inverters) | Bureau of Indian Standards | BIS catalogue (search by standard number). No stable public URL verified at publish time. | Confirm latest revision at RFQ. No document number asserted. |
| India PV design / performance reference | MNRE “Performance Standards for Solar Photovoltaic Systems/Power Plants” | Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India | MNRE publications portal. No stable public URL verified at publish time. | Confirm document revision at RFQ; PR band and 0.5%/yr degradation reference derive from this document — no specific edition asserted on this page. |
| India solar resource reference | MERIT India solar / yield atlas (Rajasthan) | NIWE / MNRE ecosystem | MERIT India portal. No stable public URL verified at publish time. | Site-specific yield re-derived from EU PVGIS (PVGIS-SARAH2) for the exact lat/lon at RFQ: https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/. |
| India tender reference benchmark | SECI CPSU Scheme Phase-II tender (RfP documents for ground-mount) | Solar Energy Corporation of India | SECI tender portal. No stable public URL verified at publish time. | Capex band refreshed from latest RfP — no specific edition asserted on this page. |
| PR band reference (international) | IEA PVPS Trends in PV Applications 2024 | IEA PVPS | https://iea-pvps.org/trends-reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2024/ | Reference for PR band 0.78–0.84 by climate zone. |
| UK C&I ground-mount capex benchmark | UK DESNZ Solar PV Cost Data | UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero | https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/solar-pv-cost-data | C&I EPC GBP/kW benchmark; cross-reference for INR band. |
Disclaimer: the page does not assert specific edition numbers for BIS IS 14286 / IS 16077, IEC 61724-1, MNRE Performance Standards, MERIT India, or SECI RfP documents. Confirm the latest edition against the issuing body's portal at RFQ issuance.
HS classification drives duty treatment and must be re-verified at the time of RFQ issuance against the latest India Customs Tariff (CBIC / DGFT) and any prevailing Customs / IGST notifications. The codes below are indicative only; duty rates are not asserted.
| HS code (indicative) | Description | BCD | IGST | Lookup path |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8541.43 | Photovoltaic cells | Verify at RFQ | Verify at RFQ | India Customs Tariff (CBIC): https://www.cbic.gov.in/; ICEGATE: https://www.icegate.gov.in/. WCO HS Nomenclature 2022 edition: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/instrument-and-tools/hs-nomenclature-2022-edition |
| 8541.40 | Photovoltaic modules / panels | Verify at RFQ | Verify at RFQ | India Customs Tariff (CBIC): https://www.cbic.gov.in/; ICEGATE: https://www.icegate.gov.in/. DCR / non-DCR split drives applicable exemptions. |
| 8504.40 | Static converters (inverters) | Verify at RFQ | Verify at RFQ | India Customs Tariff (CBIC): https://www.cbic.gov.in/; ICEGATE: https://www.icegate.gov.in/. |
| 8537.10 | Boards/panels for electric control (AC/DC combiner) | Verify at RFQ | Verify at RFQ | India Customs Tariff (CBIC): https://www.cbic.gov.in/; ICEGATE: https://www.icegate.gov.in/. |
For non-India customs lookups use the official tools below:
Disclaimer: duty treatment is governed by the Customs Act, 1962, the IGST Act, 2017, and applicable notifications at the time of filing the Bill of Entry. Defence procurement may attract additional exemptions or end-use conditions; coordinate with the project's customs broker.
| Claim | Source | Document identity / URL | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| PR band (0.78–0.84) by climate zone | IEA PVPS Trends in PV Applications 2024, Table 3 | https://iea-pvps.org/trends-reports/trends-in-pv-applications-2024/ | Reference |
| 0.5%/yr linear degradation & 25-yr design life | JinkoSolar Tiger Neo JKM-N-72HL4R-V linear-performance warranty (manufacturer-stated); IEC 61215-1:2021 design-qualification convention | OEM datasheet PDF (Tiger Neo 3.0 flyer, JKM650-670N-66QL6-BDV-F1-EN): https://jinkosolarcdn.shwebspace.com/uploads/Tiger%20Neo%203.0%20Flyer.pdf; IEC Webstore (IEC 61215-1:2021): https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345 | Reference; bin 560-580 Wp confirmed at RFQ |
| Rajasthan (Jodhpur/Bikaner) specific yield reference | EU PVGIS (PVGIS-SARAH2) for Rajasthan cluster | https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/ | Reference (lat/lon confirm at RFQ) |
| MNRE Performance Standards (PR band, degradation, design life) | MNRE “Performance Standards for Solar Photovoltaic Systems/Power Plants” | MNRE publications portal (no stable public URL verified at publish time) | Reference; edition confirm at RFQ — no edition asserted on this page |
| MERIT India solar / yield atlas (Rajasthan) | MERIT India portal (NIWE / MNRE ecosystem) | MERIT India portal (no stable public URL verified at publish time) | PENDING — yield re-derived from PVGIS until portal URL is re-verified |
| SECI CPSU Scheme Phase-II tender benchmarks | SECI tender portal (latest CPSU Phase-II RfP PDF) | SECI tender portal (no stable public URL verified at publish time) | Reference; refresh from latest RfP — no edition asserted on this page |
| UK C&I ground-mount capex benchmark (cross-reference) | UK DESNZ Solar PV Cost Data | https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/solar-pv-cost-data | Reference |
| Module qualification (international) | IEC 61215-1:2021 (design qualification) and IEC 61730-1/-2 (safety) | IEC 61215-1:2021 ed 2.0: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/61345; UL 61730-1 (mirror): https://www.shopulstandards.com/ProductDetail.aspx?productId=UL61730-1 | Standard; cite full designation + edition in procurement record |
| Inverter safety | IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 | IEC 62109-1:2010: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470; IEC 62109-2:2011: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6471 | Standard; cite full designation + edition in procurement record |
| PV system performance / PR reporting | IEC 61724-1 | IEC Webstore (catalogue lookup): https://webstore.iec.ch/ | Standard; cite full designation + edition in procurement record |
| India module / inverter standards | BIS IS 14286 (crystalline-Si PV modules) / IS 16077 (PV inverters) | BIS catalogue (search by standard number) — no stable public URL verified at publish time | Standard; confirm latest revision at RFQ — no edition asserted on this page |
| Lithium battery transport (only if BESS added) | UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, ST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.7 — UN 38.3 | https://unece.org/transport/dangerous-goods/un-manual-tests-and-criteria | Standard; cite full designation in text. Not applicable to baseline (no BESS). |
| EU Battery Regulation (only if exporting to EU) | Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj | Regulation; cite in text if EU export applies |
| HS nomenclature baseline | WCO HS Nomenclature 2022 edition | https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/nomenclature/instrument-and-tools/hs-nomenclature-2022-edition | Reference |
| India customs tariff lookup | CBIC (India) | https://www.cbic.gov.in/ | Lookup tool |
| India customs filing lookup | ICEGATE (India) | https://www.icegate.gov.in/ | Lookup tool |
| EU customs duty lookup | EU TARIC consultation | https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds2/taric/taric_consultation.jsp?Lang=en | Lookup tool |
| US customs duty lookup | USITC Harmonized Tariff Schedule | https://hts.usitc.gov/ | Lookup tool |
| UK customs duty lookup | UK Global Tariff | https://www.trade-tariff.service.gov.uk/ | Lookup tool |