Parking-Solar 2 MWp in Sea Air: Use-Case & TCO
Verdict (project passes): NPV = USD 1,788,064.15; IRR = 15.46 %; simple payback = 6.81 years; discounted payback = 9.87 years; LCOE = USD 0.1082/kWh. Equipment family: 2,000 kWp monocrystalline PV canopy using JinkoSolar JKM540M-72HL4-V (Tiger Neo) modules, Sungrow SG250HX central-string inverters, and K2 Systems N-Rack ground-mount rails adapted as a parking-canopy steel structure (galvanised per ISO 1461:2009; CE per EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011). Location class: coastal industrial site within a sea-air corrosion band. Horizon: 25 years. Discount rate: 8.00 %. Evidence date: 2026-09-27. Limitation: the COMPUTED TABLES below are the sole arithmetic source for this page; all benefit, energy and cost figures originate from them. Numbers are computed.
Decision summary (COMPUTED TABLES)
| Metric | Value |
|---|
| NPV (USD) | 1,788,064.15 |
| IRR | 0.1546 |
| Simple payback (year) | 6.813394471551171 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 9.873847027053783 |
| LCOE (USD/kWh) | 0.1082 |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 3,256,999.89 |
| PV of costs (USD) | 2,618,243.18 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 11,344,280.83 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 4,406,307.33 |
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
1. Equipment Family
2. COMPUTED TABLES
TCO summary
| Metric | Value |
|---|
| Currency | USD |
| Horizon (years) | 25 |
| Discount rate | 8.00 % |
| Total undiscounted cost (USD) | 3,256,999.89 |
| Total discounted cost / PV of costs (USD) | 2,618,243.18 |
| Total undiscounted benefit (USD) | 11,344,280.83 |
| Total discounted benefit (USD) | 4,406,307.33 |
| NPV (USD) | 1,788,064.15 |
| IRR | 0.1546 |
| Simple payback (year) | 6.81 |
| Discounted payback (year) | 9.87 |
| LCOE (USD/kWh) | 0.1082 |
Year-by-year cash flow
| Year | Cost (USD) | Benefit (USD) | Net (USD) | Discount factor | Discounted net (USD) | Energy (kWh) |
|---|
| 0 | 2,200,000.00 | 0.0000 | -2,200,000.00 | 1.00 | -2,200,000.00 | 0.0000 |
| 1 | 33,000.00 | 332,760.00 | 299,760.00 | 0.9259 | 277,555.56 | 2,360,000.00 |
| 2 | 33,660.00 | 341,029.09 | 307,369.09 | 0.8573 | 263,519.45 | 2,348,200.00 |
| 3 | 34,333.20 | 349,503.66 | 315,170.46 | 0.7938 | 250,192.47 | 2,336,459.00 |
| 4 | 35,019.86 | 358,188.82 | 323,168.96 | 0.7350 | 237,538.83 | 2,324,776.71 |
| 5 | 35,720.26 | 367,089.82 | 331,369.56 | 0.6806 | 225,524.55 | 2,313,152.82 |
| 6 | 36,434.67 | 376,212.00 | 339,777.33 | 0.6302 | 214,117.35 | 2,301,587.06 |
| 7 | 37,163.36 | 385,560.87 | 348,397.51 | 0.5835 | 203,286.60 | 2,290,079.12 |
| 8 | 37,906.63 | 395,142.05 | 357,235.43 | 0.5403 | 193,003.19 | 2,278,628.73 |
| 9 | 38,664.76 | 404,961.33 | 366,296.58 | 0.5002 | 183,239.48 | 2,267,235.58 |
| 10 | 39,438.05 | 415,024.62 | 375,586.57 | 0.4632 | 173,969.25 | 2,255,899.40 |
| 11 | 40,226.82 | 425,337.99 | 385,111.17 | 0.4289 | 165,167.58 | 2,244,619.91 |
| 12 | 41,031.35 | 435,907.63 | 394,876.28 | 0.3971 | 156,810.80 | 2,233,396.81 |
| 13 | 41,851.98 | 446,739.94 | 404,887.96 | 0.3677 | 148,876.46 | 2,222,229.82 |
| 14 | 42,689.02 | 457,841.43 | 415,152.41 | 0.3405 | 141,343.22 | 2,211,118.68 |
| 15 | 43,542.80 | 469,218.79 | 425,675.99 | 0.3152 | 134,190.82 | 2,200,063.08 |
| 16 | 44,413.66 | 480,878.87 | 436,465.22 | 0.2919 | 127,400.04 | 2,189,062.77 |
| 17 | 45,301.93 | 492,828.71 | 447,526.79 | 0.2703 | 120,952.59 | 2,178,117.45 |
| 18 | 46,207.97 | 505,075.51 | 458,867.54 | 0.2502 | 114,831.16 | 2,167,226.87 |
| 19 | 47,132.13 | 517,626.63 | 470,494.51 | 0.2317 | 109,019.25 | 2,156,390.73 |
| 20 | 48,074.77 | 530,489.65 | 482,414.89 | 0.2145 | 103,501.25 | 2,145,608.78 |
| 21 | 49,036.26 | 543,672.32 | 494,636.06 | 0.1987 | 98,262.30 | 2,134,880.73 |
| 22 | 50,016.99 | 557,182.58 | 507,165.59 | 0.1839 | 93,288.30 | 2,124,206.33 |
| 23 | 51,017.33 | 571,028.57 | 520,011.24 | 0.1703 | 88,565.86 | 2,113,585.30 |
| 24 | 52,037.68 | 585,218.63 | 533,180.95 | 0.1577 | 84,082.28 | 2,103,017.37 |
| 25 | 53,078.43 | 599,761.31 | 546,682.88 | 0.1460 | 79,825.49 | 2,092,502.28 |
| Input | Value | Unit | Citation | Class |
|---|
| Installed capacity | 2,000 | kWp DC | Site engineering brief; module count × 540 Wp per JKM540M-72HL4-V (Tiger Neo family): JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 datasheet PDF | Sourced (model) |
| Site specific yield (year 1) | 1,180 | kWh/kWp/yr | EU PVGIS interactive tools (SARAH2 dataset) for the coastal band: PVGIS PV Tools; methodology page: EC JRC PVGIS about/method page | Sourced |
| System derating factor | 0.85 | dimensionless | NREL PVPMC (Sandia) derating documentation: Sandia PV Performance Modeling Collaborative | Sourced |
| Self-consumption ratio | 0.70 | dimensionless | Site load-profile study (industrial shift pattern, daytime-heavy) | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Self-consumed tariff (base) | 0.18 | USD/kWh | Industrial tariff schedule of the destination country’s national regulator (class-2 industrial, daytime band) | Model assumption (bounded) |
| CAPEX (turnkey, year 0) | 2,200,000 | USD | TradVolt benchmark for parking-solar canopies ≥ 1 MWp, coastal tier | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Annual OPEX (year 1) | 33,000 | USD/yr | TradVolt benchmark for parking-solar canopies ≥ 1 MWp, coastal tier (OPEX escalates at 2 %/yr per COMPUTED TABLES) | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Analysis horizon | 25 | years | TradVolt standard project horizon | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Discount rate | 8.00 | %/yr | Project finance hurdle rate | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Annual module degradation | 0.005 | fraction/yr | JKM540M-72HL4-V linear degradation within Tiger Neo family datasheet: JinkoSolar Tiger Neo 3.0 datasheet PDF (1 % first year + 0.35 %/yr linear thereafter) | Sourced (model) |
| Tariff inflation | 0.03 | fraction/yr | Destination-country industrial tariff index typical band | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Residual value amount | 0 | USD | Explicit bounded default: residual_value.amount = 0 USD | Model assumption (bounded) |
| Residual value year | 25 | year index | Explicit bounded default: residual_value.year = 25 | Model assumption (bounded) |
| PV export tariff | 0.00 | USD/kWh | Explicit bounded default: asset.pv.export_tariff_per_kwh = 0.00 (no export revenue; all energy treated as self-consumed) | Model assumption (bounded) |
4. Cert Block
| Cert / Standard | Scope | Citation |
|---|
| IEC 61215-1:2021 (ed 2.0) — Terrestrial PV modules — Design qualification and type approval — Part 1: Test requirements | Crystalline silicon PV module design qualification (relevant to JKM540M-72HL4-V within Tiger Neo family) | IEC 61215-1:2021 ed 2.0 (TC 82) |
| IEC 61215-1-1:2021 — Part 1-1: c-Si special requirements | Crystalline-silicon-specific qualification requirements | IEC 61215-1-1:2021 (TC 82) |
| UL 61730-1 (PV module safety qualification, Part 1) | PV module safety qualification | UL 61730-1 product page |
| IEC 62109-1:2010 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems — Part 1: General requirements | PCE/inverter safety (relevant to SG250HX) | IEC 62109-1:2010 (TC 82) |
| IEC 62109-2:2011 — Safety of power converters for use in PV power systems — Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters | Inverter particular safety (use jointly with IEC 62109-1) | IEC 62109-2:2011 (TC 82) |
| IEC 62548:2016 (TC 82) | PV array design and electrical installation (relevant to SG250HX stringing) | IEC Webstore (full designation IEC 62548:2016 in text; document page confirmed at RFQ) |
| ISO 1461:2009 | Hot-dip galvanizing of the K2 Systems canopy steel | ISO standards search (ISO 1461) (cite ISO 1461:2009 in text; catalogue entry confirmed at RFQ) |
| EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011 | CE marking of structural steel components for the N-Rack canopy | EUR-Lex (harmonised standard EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011 under the CPR; cite article path at RFQ) |
5. HS / Duty Lookup Block
Lookup instructions: Confirm the applicable duty rate and any tariff concessions using the customs / tariff lookup appropriate to the destination country (links above). Cross-reference any free-trade-agreement schedules that may override the MFN rate. TradVolt is not a licensed customs broker; the buyer is solely responsible for confirming HS classifications and applicable duties with a competent authority before importation. International freight terms: ICC Incoterms 2020. Sea-air wooden packaging compliance: IPPC ISPM standards list. Lithium-bearing or DG-flagged shipments: IATA Dangerous Goods; ICAO Dangerous Goods.
6. Scope and Limitation
All financial figures in this page (NPV, IRR, simple payback, discounted payback, LCOE, undiscounted and discounted cost/benefit totals, year-by-year costs/benefits/net/discount factor/discounted net/energy) come exclusively from the COMPUTED TABLES above and are computed. The prose inputs (horizon, discount rate, capacity, base tariff, derating, self-consumption ratio, degradation, tariff inflation, OPEX escalation, CAPEX, residual-value treatment and PV-export tariff) are the bounded model assumptions listed in section 3; the reader should treat them as such and re-run the model with site-specific values before commitment. No additional financial figures, worked derivations, closed-form checks, or methodology formulas are asserted on this page.
7. Call to Action
Request a formal quotation for a 2 MWp parking-solar canopy (JinkoSolar JKM540M-72HL4-V within Tiger Neo family + Sungrow SG250HX + K2 Systems N-Rack adapted canopy):
Request RFQ via TradVolt