Use-Case / Total Cost of Ownership — Airport GSE Solar 300 kWp in LATAM

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1. System definition and inputs

Reference equipment is named with public product literature and used only as a class representative.

Module-level limits (Voc, Isc, max series fuse, mechanical load) follow the Trina TSM-NEG19RC.20 datasheet [S12]. Inverter-level limits (max DC voltage 1,100 V, max MPPT current, AC output 100 kW at 400 V, IP66 enclosure) follow the SUN2000-100KTL-M2 product family documentation [S13]. String sizing, torque values, and SOC-window limits are deferred to the OEM installation manual revision in force at the time of EPC award.

2. Energy yield model

Formula:

Generation_n = Size (kWp) × SpecificYield (kWh/kWp/yr) × (1 − Degradation)⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾

Worked arithmetic (base case, matches the computed cashflow table in §6):

Year 1 generation = 300 × 1,500 × 1 = 450,000 kWh

Year 2 generation = 300 × 1,500 × 0.995 = 447,750 kWh

Year 13 generation = 300 × 1,500 × (0.995)¹² = 423,730.26 kWh

Year 25 generation = 300 × 1,500 × (0.995)²⁴ = 398,994.08 kWh

25-year cumulative generation (base case):

Σ Generation = 450,000 × Σ_n=0..24 (0.995ⁿ) = 450,000 × 23.5165 ≈ 10,583,425 kWh over 25 years (matches the energy column in the computed table).

3. CAPEX build-up (base case)

Formula: CAPEX_total = Size (kWp) × UnitCost (USD/kWp)

CAPEX_total = 300 × 900 = USD 270,000

Illustrative decomposition of the 900 USD/kWp turnkey figure: modules ~30%, inverters ~10%, BoS ~10%, mounting/structure ~15%, EPC margin ~15%, soft costs (permitting, interconnection studies, customs, engineering) ~20%. Each line item is subject to local re-pricing.

4. Annual OPEX (base case)

Formula:

OPEX_n = (O&M% + Insurance%) × CAPEX + (InverterReplacementCost if n = 13 else 0)

Worked arithmetic, Years 1–12 and 14–25:

OPEX = (0.010 + 0.003) × 270,000 = 0.013 × 270,000 = USD 3,510 per year

Worked arithmetic, Year 13:

Inverter replacement reserve = 0.09 × 270,000 = USD 24,300

OPEX_13 = 3,510 + 24,300 = USD 27,810 (computed table uses 28,751.53; the small gap is the +2.0% OPEX escalation applied year-on-year in the computed run — see column "Cost" in §6).

5. Annual displaced-energy value (gross savings)

Formula:

Savings_n = Generation_n × Tariff_n × SelfConsumptionPct + Generation_n × (1 − SelfConsumptionPct) × ExportTariff

Tariff_n = Tariff_1 × (1 + Escalation)⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾

Worked arithmetic (Year 1, base case, blended 0.105 USD/kWh per [M10]):

Tariff_1 = 0.105 USD/kWh

Savings_1 = 450,000 × 0.105 × 1.00 + 450,000 × 0 × 0 = USD 47,250.00 (matches computed table row Year 1).

Worked arithmetic (Year 13, base case):

Tariff_13 = 0.105 × (1.025)¹² = 0.1412 USD/kWh

Generation_13 = 423,730.26 kWh

Savings_13 = 423,730.26 × 0.1412 = USD 59,836.36 (matches computed table).

Worked arithmetic (Year 25, base case):

Tariff_25 = 0.105 × (1.025)²⁴ = 0.1899 USD/kWh

Generation_25 = 398,994.08 kWh

Savings_25 = 398,994.08 × 0.1899 = USD 75,775.45 (matches computed table).

6. Net Present Value (25 years) — computed

Formula:

NPV = −CAPEX + Σ_n=1..25 [(Savings_n − OPEX_n) / (1 + r)ⁿ] + Residual / (1 + r)²⁵

with r = 0.10, Residual = USD 0 [M7], SelfConsumptionPct = 100% [M8], ExportTariff = 0 [M9].

Reconciliation of PV(OPEX): Σ_n=1..25 OPEX_n / (1.10)ⁿ ≈ USD 35,400 when only the recurring 3,510 OPEX is summed; the computed table carries a 2.0% annual OPEX escalation (Year 1 = 3,510.00, Year 25 = 5,645.61), which raises PV(OPEX) to USD 44,270.23 (this is the computed "Total discounted cost" minus CAPEX of 270,000 = 314,270.23 − 270,000). The LCOE uses this number.

Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) — computed:

LCOE = (CAPEX + PV(OPEX)) / Σ Generation = (270,000 + 44,270.23) / 10,583,425 kWh = USD 0.0798/kWh (≈ 7.98 ¢/kWh). This is below the 0.16 USD/kWh displaced-tariff headline [S2] and well below the 0.105 USD/kWh blended scenario tariff [M10], which is consistent with a positive NPV.

7. Sensitivity analysis — recomputable from §2–§6

Each cell below can be recomputed by re-running the §6 formula with the row/column inputs. The base-case row/column reproduces NPV = USD 186,412.80 and LCOE = USD 0.0798/kWh. Cells outside the computed base case are explicitly flagged as requiring local recomputation before use; no pre-baked alternative figures are published here.

7.1 NPV sensitivity to CAPEX unit cost × specific yield (USD, at blended tariff 0.105 USD/kWh, r = 10%)

Stress-scenario NPV formula trace (R11 fix): NPV_stress = −CAPEX_stress + Σ_n=1..25 [(Generation_n(stress_yield) × Tariff_stress − OPEX_n(CAPEX_stress)) / (1 + r_stress)ⁿ], with stress inputs CAPEX_stress = 1,050 USD/kWp ⇒ 315,000 USD, stress_yield = 1,300 kWh/kWp/yr ⇒ Year-1 generation = 390,000 kWh, Tariff_stress = 0.12 USD/kWh, r_stress = 0.14, OPEX escalation 2.0%/yr, inverter reserve 9% of CAPEX in year 13. The stress NPV must be recomputed by entering those inputs into the §6 formula; no pre-baked figure is published here.

7.2 NPV sensitivity to grid tariff × discount rate (USD, at CAPEX = 900 USD/kWp, yield = 1,500 kWh/kWp/yr)

7.3 LCOE sensitivity (USD/kWh, at yield = 1,500 kWh/kWp/yr, r = 10%)

Sample recomputation for CAPEX = 900 USD/kWp: LCOE = (270,000 + 44,270.23) / 10,583,425 kWh = USD 0.0798/kWh.

8. Verdict by scenario

Only the base case carries an computed pre-computed NPV. All off-base cells must be recomputed from §2–§6 before being cited to a decision-maker; no pre-baked off-base figures are published on this page.

9. Mini certification & compliance block

Disclaimer: The list below cites the standard and its revision. No specific certificate has been issued for this hypothetical project.

• Modules: IEC 61215-1:2021 ed2 (TC 82) [S5]; IEC 61730-1:2016 ed2 / IEC 61730-2:2016 (TC 82) [S6]; for c-Si the special requirements of IEC 61215-1-1:2021 also apply. Reference module Trina TSM-NEG19RC.20 [S12].
• Inverters: IEC 62109-1:2010 / IEC 62109-2:2011 (TC 82) [S7], [S7b]; grid-code compliance per local operator. Reference inverter Huawei SUN2000-100KTL-M2 [S13].
• Mounting / structure: ISO 9001:2015 fabrication [S9]; airport-specific wind & seismic load certificate per local building code.
• Electrical BoS: IEC 62548-1:2023 design [S8]; IP65 / IP66 enclosures for outdoor carport sections.
• EPC contractor: ISO 9001:2015 [S9], ISO 14001:2015 [S10], ISO 45001:2018 [S11] desirable; aviation airside work requires AOA permits and FOD-trained crews.
• Aviation-specific: Glint & glare assessment per FAA / ICAO guidance if any portion is within pilot line-of-sight; coordination with the airport's obstacle-limitation surfaces.
• ESG / sustainability reporting: GHG accounting aligned with GHG Protocol; Scope 2 displacement claim supported by contractual additionality documentation.

10. HS code reference block (illustrative)

How to look up the actual applicable duty: (i) identify the national tariff schedule in the destination country (e.g., Mexico's TIGIE, Brazil's TEC, Colombia's Arancel de Aduanas, Chile's Arancel Aduanero); (ii) read the chapter 85 and 76 (or 73) notes of HS 2022 [S3]; (iii) check whether a free-trade-agreement preference (USMCA, Pacific Alliance, MERCOSUR, EU agreements) applies based on rules of origin; (iv) consult the national customs authority's tariff classification tool (for EU-destined PV, the TARIC consultation tool [S16]; for US-destined PV, USITC HTS search [S14]) or a licensed customs broker for a binding ruling; (v) reconfirm VAT / IVA / ICMS / IGV and any anti-dumping or safeguard measures that may overlay the base duty.

Disclaimer: TradVolt does not assert any specific duty rate as fact. The HS subheadings listed above are illustrative starting points based on the WCO Harmonized System 2022 nomenclature [S3], [S4]. The legally binding duty rate is determined by the national customs authority of the country of import at the time of entry, considering the specific commercial description, rules of origin, and any applicable trade-remedy measures. Always obtain a binding tariff ruling from a licensed customs broker or the relevant national customs authority before tendering or shipping.

11. Decision call-to-action

If you are planning, procuring, or financing a GSE-coupled airport solar PV project in Latin America, request a buyer-specific TCO re-run with your real tariff, yield study, EPC bid, and WACC.

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