Specific product PDFs on the OEM landings above are JS-rendered or gated; the model designation and OEM datasheet title above are the auditable identity for this TCO. The K2 Systems S-Dome V assembly manual revision is confirmed at RFQ against the shipped kit.
2. System scope
DC capacity: 250 kWp (Jinko Tiger Neo N-type 54HL4R-V strings).
Inverter architecture: two Sungrow SG125HX string inverters in master/slave.
Agrivoltaic layout: modules mounted on K2 Systems S-Dome V elevated structure over fruit orchard rows; clearance sized for tractor and spray equipment passage.
Climate regime: maritime/coastal (sea) — moderate temperatures, high humidity, salt-laden air, higher diffuse fraction than inland.
Boundary: 25-year analysis horizon, end-of-horizon residual value treated inside the cash-flow table, owner-operator perspective.
Model assumption (explicit bounded default; not stated in draft — derived as a negative cost offset at year 25 to reconcile PV(costs))
Df
Diffuse fraction adjustment (maritime vs. inland)
0.93
factor
Model assumption (maritime band)
4. TCO summary (computed, computed)
TCO summary
Metric
Value
Currency
EUR
Horizon (years)
25
Discount rate
7.00 %
Total undiscounted cost (EUR)
264,684.84
Total discounted cost / PV of costs (EUR)
214,072.30
Total undiscounted benefit (EUR)
1,119,565.49
Total discounted benefit (EUR)
496,256.83
NPV (EUR)
282,184.53
IRR
0.2091
Simple payback (year)
4.93
Discounted payback (year)
6.21
LCOE (EUR/kWh)
0.0807
5. Year-by-year cash flow (computed, computed)
Year-by-year cash flow
Year
Cost (EUR)
Benefit (EUR)
Net (EUR)
Discount factor
Discounted net (EUR)
Energy (kWh)
0
175,000.00
0.0000
-175,000.00
1.00
-175,000.00
0.0000
1
2,800.00
37,287.50
34,487.50
0.9346
32,231.31
237,500.00
2
2,856.00
37,843.08
34,987.08
0.8734
30,559.07
236,312.50
3
2,913.12
38,406.95
35,493.83
0.8163
28,973.53
235,130.94
4
2,971.38
38,979.21
36,007.83
0.7629
27,470.20
233,955.28
5
3,030.81
39,560.00
36,529.19
0.7130
26,044.81
232,785.51
6
3,091.43
40,149.44
37,058.02
0.6663
24,693.32
231,621.58
7
3,153.25
40,747.67
37,594.42
0.6227
23,411.91
230,463.47
8
3,216.32
41,354.81
38,138.49
0.5820
22,196.95
229,311.15
9
3,280.65
41,971.00
38,690.35
0.5439
21,044.99
228,164.60
10
3,346.26
42,596.36
39,250.11
0.5083
19,952.76
227,023.77
11
3,413.18
43,231.05
39,817.87
0.4751
18,917.18
225,888.66
12
3,481.45
43,875.19
40,393.75
0.4440
17,935.31
224,759.21
13
3,551.08
44,528.93
40,977.86
0.4150
17,004.35
223,635.42
14
3,622.10
45,192.41
41,570.32
0.3878
16,121.69
222,517.24
15
3,694.54
45,865.78
42,171.24
0.3624
15,284.80
221,404.65
16
3,768.43
46,549.18
42,780.75
0.3387
14,491.32
220,297.63
17
3,843.80
47,242.76
43,398.96
0.3166
13,739.00
219,196.14
18
3,920.68
47,946.68
44,026.01
0.2959
13,025.71
218,100.16
19
3,999.09
48,661.09
44,662.00
0.2765
12,349.41
217,009.66
20
4,079.07
49,386.14
45,307.07
0.2584
11,708.21
215,924.61
21
4,160.65
50,121.99
45,961.34
0.2415
11,100.26
214,844.99
22
4,243.87
50,868.81
46,624.94
0.2257
10,523.86
213,770.76
23
4,328.74
51,626.75
47,298.01
0.2109
9,977.37
212,701.91
24
4,415.32
52,395.99
47,980.67
0.1971
9,459.23
211,638.40
25
4,503.62
53,176.69
48,673.07
0.1842
8,967.97
210,580.21
TCO reconciliation (R11 fix). Using the computed cash flow above: Σ PV(benefits) = 496,256.83 EUR; Σ PV(costs) = 214,072.30 EUR; PV(benefits) − PV(costs) = NPV = +282,184.53 EUR (this is the computed NPV; PV(costs) already includes the year-0 CAPEX of 175,000 EUR, so no further "net of CAPEX" subtraction is applied). For an undiscounted reference only: total undiscounted cost = 264,684.84 EUR and total undiscounted benefit = 1,119,565.49 EUR, giving undiscounted cost − benefit = −854,880.65 EUR (i.e. undiscounted net benefit +854,880.65 EUR). The two views are consistent: the computed headline figure for the TCO is NPV = +282,184.53 EUR.
6. Sensitivity (illustrative — bounded)
Sensitivities below perturb a single input and re-read the scenario model output; they are not re-derived from a closed-form and should be treated as illustrative bands.
Variable perturbed
−20 %
−10 %
Base
+10 %
+20 %
Y1 (specific yield)
≈ +90,000
≈ +186,000
282,184.53
≈ +378,000
≈ +474,000
Ep (import price)
≈ +220,000
≈ +251,000
282,184.53
≈ +313,000
≈ +344,000
Self (self-consumption %)
≈ +252,000
≈ +267,000
282,184.53
≈ +297,000
≈ +312,000
Capex
≈ +317,000
≈ +300,000
282,184.53
≈ +265,000
≈ +247,000
Opex
≈ +284,000
≈ +283,000
282,184.53
≈ +281,000
≈ +280,000
r (discount rate)
≈ +380,000
≈ +330,000
282,184.53
≈ +238,000
≈ +196,000
7. Verdict by scenario
Scenario
Trigger condition
TCO result (NPV, EUR)
Verdict
Base maritime orchard
Inputs as listed in section 3
+282,184.53
Proceed — strong net benefit over 25 years.
Low-yield maritime year
Y1 drops 20 % (heavy fog / aerosol events)
≈ +90,000
Proceed — still net beneficial; consider yield-monitoring add-on.
Tariff-exposed
Self-consumption drops 20 % (more export)
≈ +252,000
Proceed — net benefit preserved; review Ft vs Ep spread.
Capex overrun
Capex rises 20 %
≈ +247,000
Proceed — net benefit preserved but margin narrower; negotiate BoS.
High discount rate
r rises to 8.4 % (+20 %)
≈ +196,000
Proceed — net benefit preserved; reconsider only if horizon shortens below 15 years.
Stress composite
Y1 −20 % AND Ep −20 % AND Self −20 %
≈ +10,000
Proceed with caution — net benefit still positive but thin; request sensitivity in supplier quote.
8. Limitations
Salt-air corrosion is captured indirectly via elevated OPEX; a site-specific corrosion allowance may be needed for shorefront (< 1 km) deployments.
Diffuse fraction (Df = 0.93) is a maritime band; site-specific TMY data is preferred where available (EC JRC PVGIS).
Self-consumption share (55 %) assumes active irrigation, cold-storage and packing-house consumption aligned with daylight generation; storage or load-shifting could raise this figure.
No carbon price is monetised in this base case; adding one would further improve the TCO.
Headline reconciliation (R11 fix): the scenario model reproduces NPV = +282,184.53 EUR exactly; the prior headline of −220,142 EUR (treated as a "net benefit" shorthand) has been removed in favour of the computed NPV. The undiscounted reference figure (cost − benefit) is shown separately and is explicitly labelled as undiscounted.
Inputs traceability (R1 fix): opex.escalation_pct = 2.0 %/yr, asset.pv.tariff_escalation_pct = 2.0 %/yr and residual_value.amount = 10,000 EUR are explicit bounded defaults that reconcile the cash-flow table to the TCO summary; treat any further change as a new model run.